Rok 100 (C) byl přestupný rok, který podle juliánského kalendáře započal středou. V Římské říši se v té době uváděl jako rok 853 Ab urbe condita (853 let od založení Říma). Označení roku pod číslem 100 se začalo užívat až ve středověku, kdy Evropa přešla na systém pojmenování let Anno Domini (leta páně).
3rd or 4th century CE Kamasutra, Vatsyayana, 13th-century Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara, Bendall purchase 1885CE in Nepal, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg Autor:Ms Sarah Welch,
Licence:CC BY-SA 4.0 The Kama Sutra is a Hindu text, whose title literally means "a treatise on desire / emotional pleasure / love / sex". It is likely a 3rd- or 4th-century CE text according to scholars, but some estimates place it centuries before or after that range. It is a Sanskrit text by Vatsyayana Mallanaga. Vatsyayana mentions in the Kama Sutra that his work relies on earlier Kama sastra texts. He cites them, but these older texts have not survived into the modern era. The Kamasutra exists in many Indic scripts. Being a sutra, it is terse and distilled.
The text has attracted scholarly studies since the ancient times, and these are called bhasya (commentaries that include interpretation, citations and views of the scholar). It is one of many popular Hindu text that has attracted translations in and outside India over the centuries. One of the most important and well-known commentaries on the Kama Sutra is by Yashodhara, named Jayamangala (c. 13th-century).
The manuscript above is a commentary copied in Nepal possibly in 13th- or 14th-century CE, but not the main (mula) text. Though nicely written and well preserved, this manuscript is quite corrupt and has mistakes unlike other manuscripts found on the Indian subcontinent. This flawed manuscript version is currently preserved by the Cambridge University. The errors in this manuscript possibly resulted because the scribe who was copying relied on a source in a different script that the scribe did not know well, since complex ligatures (i.e. consonant clusters) are often erroneously reproduced, according to a Cambridge University archiver's note.
This palm-leaf manuscript shows sign of age-related irregular warping and insect-eating damage, pretty common in South Asian climate.
This manuscript was purchased by C. Bendall in 1884 or 1885 CE in Nepal, and was produced in or before this acquisition year. The photo above is of a 2D artwork from the text that was itself authored more than 500 years ago. Therefore Wikimedia Commons PD-Art licensing guidelines apply. Any rights I have as a photographer is herewith donated to wikimedia commons under CC 4.0 license.
Folio from Papyrus 46, containing 2 Corinthians 11:33-12:9
Transcription with spaces restituted (the bracketed portions are illegible, abbreviated or missing and are not necessarily attested by P46):
εν σαργανη εχαλασθην δια του τειχους
και εξεφυγον τας χειρας αυτου καυχασ-
θαι δει ου συμφερον μ[ε]ν ελευσομαι δε
εισ οπτασιας και αποκαλυψεις κ[υριο]υ οιδα
ανθρωπον εν χ[ριστ]ω προ ετων δεκατεσσαρων
ειτε εν σωματι ουκ οιδα ειτε εκτος του σω-
ματος ουκ οιδα ο θ[εο]ς οιδεν αρπαγεντα τον
τοιουτον εως τριτου ουρανου και οιδα τον
τοιουτον ανθρωπον ειτε εν σωματι ειτε
χωρις του σωματος ουκ οιδα ο θ[εο]ς οιδεν οτι
ηρπαγη εις τον παραδεισον και ηκουσεν
αρρητα ρηματα α ουκ εξον ανθρωπω λα-
λησαι υπερ του τοιουτου καυχησομαι υπερ
δε εμαυτου ουδεν καυχησομαι ει μη εν ταις
ασθενειαις εαν γαρ θελω καυχησομαι
ουκ εσομαι αφρων αληθειαν γαρ ερω
φειδομαι δε μη τις εμε λογισηται υπερ
ο βλεπει με η ακουει τι εξ εμου και τη
υπερβολη των αποκαλυψεων ινα μη
υπεραιρωμαι εδοθη μοι σκολοψ τη σαρκι
αγγελος σατανα ινα με κολαφιζη ινα [μη]
υπεραιρωμαι υπερ τουτου τρις [τον κυριον]
παρεκαλεσα ινα αποστη α[π' εμου και ει-]
ρηκεν μοι αρκει σοι η χα[ρις μου η γαρ]
δυναμις [εν ασθενεια τελειται ηδιστα ουν]
The New American Standard Bible (which follows P46 in all but 7 instances, 2 of which are spelling errors in P46) translates the text as follows:
...[and I was let down] in a basket [through a window] in the wall, and so escaped his hands. Boasting is necessary, though it is not profitable; but I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord. I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago--whether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know, God knows--such a man was caught up to the third heaven. And I know how such a man--whether in the body or apart from the body I do not know, God knows--was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which a man is not permitted to speak. On behalf of such a man I will boast; but on my own behalf I will not boast, except in regard to my weaknesses. For if I do wish to boast I will not be foolish, for I will be speaking the truth; but I refrain from this, so that no one will credit me with more than he sees in me or hears from me. Because of the surpassing greatness of the revelations, for this reason, to keep me from exalting myself, there was given me a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to torment me--to keep me from exalting myself! Concerning this I implored the Lord three times that it might leave me. And He has said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for power [is perfected in weakness " Most gladly, therefore, I will rather boast about my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may dwell in me.]
And through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands.
It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure. For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart from me. And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me.
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