Bitva u Nikopole
V bitvě u Nikopole se 25. září 1396 střetli osmanští Turci s křižáckým vojskem tvořeným především Francouzi, Uhry, Chorvaty, Němci, Burgunďany, Bulhary, Benátčany aj. Tažení evropských sil vedených uherským králem Zikmundem Lucemburským, označované někdy jako Nikopolská křížová výprava, v tomto boji drtivě podlehlo početnějšímu turecko-srbskému vojsku osmanského sultána Bájezída I. nedaleko pevnosti Nikopolis na bulharském území.
Selhání tohoto podniku ze strany evropských křižáků se přičítá nejednotné taktice jejich společného vojska, zejména francouzským účastníkům, tj. zbrklosti rytířů z Francie, kteří provedli předčasný unáhlený výpad proti osmanským silám, bitva se pak už vyvíjela jen v neprospěch křižácké strany vedoucí až ke katastrofální porážce. Pouze malá část křižáků včetně krále Zikmunda Lucemburského se zachránila, většina padla na bojišti a část se octla v tureckém zajetí, kde byli poté popraveni. Znamenalo to také konec nadějí na záchranu skomírající Byzantské říše a balkánských národů, které ani společnými silami nemohly vzdorovat vzrůstající osmanské moci.
Literatura
- KOVAŘÍK, Jiří. Čas stoleté války : (1356–1450) : rytířské bitvy a osudy III. Praha: Mladá fronta, 2006. 346 s. ISBN 80-204-1499-1.
Externí odkazy
- Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Bitva u Nikopole na Wikimedia Commons
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According to Rıza Nur, sultan Selim I (1512-20) had a white personal flag, while the Ottoman Army flag was red (kızıl bayrak). During Süleyman I's reign (1520-66) the janissaries had a white flag while the timariot cavalry had a red flag. It was used as the Ottoman civic and merchant flag from 1793 to 1923.
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Royal banner (Königsbanner) of the German kings and emperors in the early to mid 14th century. The upright rectangular shape of the field approximates the proportions of 14th-century military banners, see e.g. File:Codex Balduini Trevirensis - Alpenüberquerung Heinrich VII.JPG
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Early form of the Swiss flag, used as a field sign by troops under confederate command from ca. the 1470s. This was replaced by various flammé designs during the 17th century, but this older design was taken as the basis for the modern flag of 1815.
Drawn after the earliest depiction of the field sign, in the Lucerne Chronicle of 1513, in the scene showing the battle of Nancy (1477), see File:Deutsche Geschichte5-290.jpg.
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Coat of arms of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.
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Blazon: Quarterly, I and IV gules a lion rampant argent, queue fourchée crossed in saltire, armed, langued, and crowned Or (for Bohemia); II and III barry of eight, gules and argent (for Hungary).Autor: Samhanin, Licence: CC0
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The Royal Banner of Scotland, also known as the "Lion Rampant", is the banner of the old arms of the King of Scots. It consists of a lion contained within a "tressure flory counter-flory" (In heraldic terminology, it is blazoned as Or, a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counter-flory Gules
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A kneeling knight with his horse before setting off on the crusades. His servant leaning over the turret with his masters helmet.From the Westminster Psalter, BL Royal MS 2 A xxii f. 220
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Arms of the Emperor of Bulgaria, by Miltenberger Wappenbuch (14th century).
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Plan of the Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
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Vectorization of the 1495 Coat of arms of Croatia.