Farm Security Administration
| Farm Security Administration | |
|---|---|
 Logo | |
| Základní údaje | |
| Datum založení | 1. září 1937 |
| Datum zániku | 14. srpna 1946 |
| Předchůdce | Resettlement Administration |
| Nástupce | Farmers Home Administration |
| Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. | |
Farm Security Administration, (FSA, Hospodářská bezpečnostní správa) je společnost, která byla vytvořena v USA v roce 1935 v rámci New Deal. Úkolem bylo v krizi pomáhat proti americké venkovské chudobě. FSA podporovalo skupování okrajových pozemků, práci na polích s moderními stroji a kolektivizaci.
Historie
Krach burzy v roce 1929 a následný ekonomický kolaps zasáhly celý svět. Trpělo hlavně zemědělství, které v první polovině třicátých let v Americe navíc devastovalo katastrofické sucho v jižních státech.[1]
Společnost FSA roku 1935 zahájila fotografickou kampaň, do jejíhož sociologicko-dokumentárního programu se zapojila řada fotografů. Měla za úkol sestavit dokumentaci sociálních problémů v jižních státech USA.[2] Těmto fotografům vděčíme za výjimečný obraz Ameriky v době krize a jejích dozvuků. V tomto období se formovala „dokumentární fotografie“. Jejími hlavními charakteristikami byl důraz na realismus, snaha bez příkras zachytit věci takové, jaké jsou, spoluprožití bídy a utrpení, jasný morální postoj a konečně samotné vědomí specifičnosti tohoto média.[3]
Se vstupem USA do druhé světové války v prosinci 1941 však nastala změna. Projekt dostal jiné jméno – Office of War Informations – a také jiný program. Ve válce musela propaganda ukazovat, jak jsou Spojené státy silné a ne jaké mají potíže. V roce 1948, kdy FSA zanikla, byla dokonce snaha pořízené dokumenty zničit, aby nemohly být použity pro komunistickou propagandu.[4]
FSA pomocí plakátů pracovala na podpoře vlastenectví, varovala cizí vyzvědače a pokoušela se získat ženy, aby pracovaly pro válku. Agentura měla také pobočku v zahraničí. Fotografové zaměstnaní v této společnosti vytvořili přibližně 1600 barevných fotografií, které zachycují život ve Spojených státech, včetně Portorika a Panenských ostrovů.
Fotografové
Skupina FSA se skládala z následujících fotografů: Charlotte Brooksová, Esther Bubleyová, Harold Corsini, Marjory Collinsová, Jack Delano, Sheldon Dick, Arnold S. Eagle, Theodor Jung, Walker Evans[5], Dorothea Langeová[5], Russell Lee, Sol Libsohn, Carl Mydans, Gordon Parks[5], Arthur Rothstein[5], Martha McMillan Robertsová[6], Edwin Rosskam, Louise Rosskamová, Richard Saunders, Arthur Siegel, Ben Shahn[5], Roy Stryker[5], John Vachon[5], Marion Post Wolcottová, Barbara Wrightová, Alfred T. Palmer.
Odkazy
Reference
- ↑ ŠLAJCHRTOVÁ, Leona. Novodobá madona v cárech nese utrpení lidstva, peněz se nedočkala [online]. idnes.cz, 6. července 2010 13:42 [cit. 2010-08-08]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ AUER, Anna; MRAZ, Werner; STANEK, Ivo. Katalog k výstavě Fotografis collection reloaded. [s.l.]: Palác Kinských - Národní galerie v Praze (Praha), 2009.
- ↑ BRESCHAND, Jean. Le documentaire: l’autre face du cinéma. Cahiers du Cinéma. (Dokumentární film, jiná tvář kinematografie) [online]. Paříž: Cahiers du Cinéma, Etoile, 2002 [cit. 2009-02-20]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2007-10-29. (Překlad do cs Marta Fialová)
- ↑ PETÁK. diplomová práce [online]. Opava: Slezská univerzita, Filozoficko-přírodovědecká fakulta, Institut tvůrčí fotografie [cit. 2009-03-05]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2009-08-15.
- ↑ a b c d e f g FSA B&W PHOTOS. FSA B&W Photos, Documenting America, 1935-1943 [online]. University of California Press: Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly Brannan, eds. Berkeley, 1988 [cit. 2009-03-28]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fabib.html
Relief - literatura
- Sidney Baldwin, Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration. Archivováno 4. 6. 2011 na Wayback Machine. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968
- Greta De Jong, "'With the Aid of God and the F.S.A.': The Louisiana Farmers' Union and the African American Freedom Struggle in the New Deal Era" Journal of Social History, Vol. 34, 2000
- Michael Johnston Grant, "Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945." Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002
- Lewis Meriam, Relief and Social Security The Brookings Institution. 1946. online edition Archivováno 4. 6. 2011 na Wayback Machine.
- Charles Kenneth Roberts, Farm Security Administration and Rural Rehabilitation in the South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2015
- Theodore Saloutos, The American Farmer and the New Deal. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1982
- Bernard Sternsher, Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal Rutgers University Press. 1964 Questia – The Online Library of Books and Journals Archivováno 4. 6. 2011 na Wayback Machine.
- James T. Young, "Origins of New Deal Agricultural Policy: Interest Groups' Role in Policy Formation." Policy Studies Journal. 21#2 1993. pp 190+. Questia – The Online Library of Books and Journals Archivováno 4. 6. 2011 na Wayback Machine.
Fotografie
- Maurice Berger, "FSA: The Illiterate Eye," in Berger, How Art Becomes History, HarperCollins, 1992
- Pete Daniel, et al., Official Images: New Deal Photography Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987
- James Curtis. Mind's eye, mind's truth: FSA photography reconsidered. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989. (American civilization). ISBN 978-0877226277. (anglicky)
- Cara A. Finnegan, Picturing Poverty: Print Culture and FSA Photographs Smithsonian Books, 2003
- Andrea Fisher, Let Us Now Praise Famous Women Pandora Press, 1987
- Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly W. Brannan, eds., Documenting America, 1935–1943 University of California Press, 1988.
- David A. Gray, "New Uses for Old Photos: Renovating FSA Photographs in World War II Posters," American Studies, 47: 3/4 (Fall/Winter 2006)
- James Guimond, American Photography and the American Dream (1991), chap. 4: "The Signs of Hard Times"
- Jack Hurley, Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties Louisiana State University Press, 1972
- Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts and American Culture. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-8
- Michael Leicht, Wie Katie Tingle sich weigerte, ordentlich zu posieren und Walker Evans darüber nicht grollte, Bielefeld: transcript 2006
- Dorothea Lange and Paul Schuster Taylor, An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion (1939); second revised edition, Yale University Press, 1969.
- Nicholas Natanson, The Black Image in the New Deal: The Politics of FSA Photography University of Tennessee Press, 1992
- Roy Stryker & Nancy Wood, In This Proud Land: America 1935–1943 As Seen In The FSA Photographs, Secker & Warburg/New York Graphic Society, 197
Související články
- DOCUMERICA
- War Relocation Authority
- National Archives and Records Administration
- Deutsche Fotothek
- Matson Collection
- Florida Photographic Collection
- Anefo
- Nationaal Archief
- Sbírka Fortepan
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Farm Security Administration na Wikimedia Commons - Farm Security Administration photograph collection, The Bancroft Library
- The Library of Congress has placed 164,000 FSA images online
- The New York Public Library has 2,581 FSA images online.
- Ralph W. Hollenberg collection of materials relating to the Farm Security Administration, The Bancroft Library
- During World War II the FSA administered the Use of farmland owned by interned Japanese farmers.
- High Resolution photos taken for the FSA
- Farm Security Administration Archivováno 19. 8. 2012 na Wayback Machine.
- Indiana Farm Security Administration Photographs Archivováno 3. 12. 2017 na Wayback Machine.
- "Sunny California" as sung by Americans who were supported by the FSA in 1941, from the World Digital Library
- Mary A. Sears collection of photographs pertaining to the Agricultural Workers Health and Medical Association in California, The Bancroft Library
Média použitá na této stránce
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Photographer Arthur Rothstein on L Street in Washington, D.C.
Carl Mydans, who is on the photographic staff of "Life" magazine, visited FBI Headquarters with his family and was conducted on a tour by Special Agent Donald G. Hanning. Mr. Mydans, his wife and Special Agent Hanning were prisoners of war of the Japanese in the Philippines and renewed their acquaintanceship and viewed a Japanese machine gun in the Firearms Section of the FBI Laboratory. Shown left to right are: Misty Mydans, Mrs. Mydans, Seth Mydans, Mr. Mydans, and Special Agent Hanning.
Allie Mae Burroughs
Portrait shows Florence Thompson with several of her children in a photograph known as "Migrant Mother". The Library of Congress caption reads: "Destitute pea pickers in California. Mother of seven children. Age thirty-two. Nipomo, California." In the 1930s, the FSA employed several photographers to document the effects of the Great Depression on the population of America. Many of the photographs can also be seen as propaganda images to support the U.S. government's policy distributing support to the worst affected, poorer areas of the country. Lange's image of a supposed migrant pea picker, Florence Owens Thompson, and her family has become an icon of resilience in the face of adversity. However, it is not universally accepted that Florence Thompson was a migrant pea picker. In the book Photographing Farmworkers in California (Stanford University Press, 2004), author Richard Steven Street asserts that some scholars believe Lange's description of the print was "either vague or demonstrably inaccurate" and that Thompson was not a farmworker, but a Dust Bowl migrant. Nevertheless, if she was a "Dust Bowl migrant", she would have left a farm as most potential Dust Bowl migrants typically did and then began her life as such. Thus any potential inaccuracy is virtually irrelevant. The child to the viewer's right was Thompson's daughter, Katherine (later Katherine McIntosh), 4 years old (Leonard, Tom, "Woman whose plight defined Great Depression warns tragedy will happen again ", article, The Daily Telegraph, December 4, 2008) Lange took this photograph with a Graflex camera on large format (4"x5") negative film.[1]
Emblem of the United States Farm Security Administration, which existed from about 1937 to 1946.
American photographer Marion Post Wolcott (1910-1990).
Gordon Parks at the Civil Rights March on Washington, 1963.
Roy Stryker, head of the Information Division of the Farm Security Administration or FSA during the Depression.
