James Gillray

James Gillray
Jamesgillrayportrait.jpg
Narození13. srpna 1756
Chelsea
Úmrtí1. června 1815 (ve věku 58 let)
Londýn
Místo pohřbeníSt James’s Church, Piccadilly
Povoláníkarikaturista, tiskař, kreslíř, ilustrátor, malíř a grafik
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James Gillray (13. srpna 1756 Londýn1. června 1815 tamtéž) byl anglický malíř a grafik, považovaný za zakladatelskou osobnost politické karikatury.

Narodil se roku 1756 (bývá uváděno také 1757) v Chelsea v rodině válečného invalidy skotského původu. Vyučil se rytcem a studoval na Royal Academy of Arts. Od roku 1779 se živil uveřejňováním kreslených vtipů na aktuální témata, od roku 1791 pracoval exkluzivně pro nakladatelku Hannah Humphreyovou. Vyznačoval se pohotovostí a pracovitostí, vytvořil okolo tisícovky obrázků, na nichž sarkasticky komentoval dobový životní styl i rivalitu mezi whigy a toryi, panovníka Jiřího III., Velkou francouzskou revoluci nebo napoleonské války. Právě Gillrayova karikatura „Malý Boney“ stála u zrodu populárního mýtu o Napoleonovi jako vzteklém zakomplexovaném trpaslíkovi, ačkoli byl ve skutečnosti spíš průměrné výšky.[1] Závěr Gillrayova života byl poznamenán zhoršením zraku, které mu znemožnilo pracovat, což ho přivedlo k alkoholismu a sebevražedným pokusům.

Poctou Gillrayovi byla loutka dvořana Flunkeyho v satirickém pořadu britské televize ITV Spitting Image.

Galerie

Reference

  1. Propaganda v době Napoleona. Vojenský historický ústav Praha Dostupné online

Externí odkazy

Média použitá na této stránce

Maniac-Ravings-Gillray.jpeg
Maniac-raving's-or-Little Boney in a strong fit / Js. Gillray inv. & fect.

SUMMARY: Cartoon showing Napoleon in a fury over relations between France and England.

MEDIUM: 1 print : etching, hand-colored.

CREATED/PUBLISHED: [London] : pubd. by Js. Gillray, 1803.

According to Wright & Evans, Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray (1851, OCLC 59510372), p. 227, "A parody on Lord Whitworth's dispatch of the 14th of March, 1803, describing the violent scene which had occurred the day before at the Tuilleries. 'The exasperation and fury of Buonaparte,' says the Annual Register for the year just mentioned, 'broke out into ungovernable rage at his own Court, on his public day, and in the presence ofthe diplomatic body of Europe there assembled. Thus violating every principle of hospitality—of decorum—of politeness—and the privileges of Ambassadors—ever before held sacred. On the appearance of Lord Whitworth in the circle, he approached him with equal agitation and ferocity, proceeded to descant, in the bitterest terms, on the conduct of the English Government—summoned the Ministers of some of the Foreign Courts to be witnesses to this vituperative harangue—and concluded by expressions of the most angry and menacing hostility. The English Ambassador did not think it advisable to make any answer to this brutal and ungentlemanly attack, and it terminated by the First Consul retiring to his apartments, repeating his last phrases, till he had shut himself in; leaving nearly two hundred spectators of this wanton display of arrogant impropriety, in amazement and consternation.'"
Very slippy-weather.jpg
Very slippy-weather / etch'd by Js. Gillray.

SUMMARY: Cartoon shows an elderly man who has slipped and fallen on the sidewalk outside Humphrey's printing establishment at No. 27 St. James's Street, London. He is holding a thermometer which he manages keep upright, behind him are five individuals looking at caricatures printed by Humphrey that are on display in the shop windows.

MEDIUM: 1 print : etching, hand-colored.

CREATED/PUBLISHED: London : Publish'd by H. Humphrey, 1808 February 10th.
An alchemist using a crown-shaped bellows to blow the flames Wellcome V0011302.jpg
Autor: unknown, Licence: CC BY 4.0

An alchemist using a crown-shaped bellows to blow the flames of a furnace and heat a glass vessel in which the House of Commons is distilled; satirizing the dissolution of parliament by Pitt. Coloured etching by J. Gillray, 1796.

Iconographic Collections
Keywords: William Pitt; James Gillray; great britain - politics and g; pitt, william, the younger, 17; satires; sheridan, richard brinsley, 17; Alchemy; Charles James Fox; fox, charles james, 1749-1806; Richard Brinsley Sheridan; etchings

The Reception.JPG
by James Gillray, published 14 September 1792.
"A caricature on Lord Macartney's Embassy to China and on the little which the Ambassador and his government are presumed to have known of the manners and tastes of the people they wanted to conciliate (the purpose of the visit was to propose the creation of a permanent English mission to the court of Peking). Chinese etiquette is, that extreme prostrations should be made before the Emperor, which it was intimated Lord Macartney would not conform to. The whole contour of the Emperor is indicative of cunning and contempt and his indifference to the numerous gifts displaying the skill of British manufacturing, is evident. The German face bringing in the cage is Mr Huttner of the Foreign Office, who acted as an interpreter and published his own account of the visit. As soon as Lord Macartney had declined to make the required prostrations, only going down on one knee, he was dismissed from the presence of the Emperor. He was later ordered to quit Peking within two days and was given a letter addressed to George III wherein the Emperor states that,'As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures'. An attache, Aeneas Anderson, later recalled that "we entered Pekin like Paupers, remained in it like Prisoners and departed from it like Vagrants".
Doublures of characters.jpg
Doublûres of Characters;—or—striking Resemblances in Phisiognomy. – “If you would know Mens Hearts, look in their Faces” - Lavater Bust portraits of seven leaders of the Opposition, each with his almost identical double, arranged in two rows, with numbers referring to notes below the title. The first pair are Fox and Satan, a snake round his neck; behind them are flames. 1 print : engraving. "J. Gillray inv. & fec." cf: P&P - NE55.L7A3 vol. [?], no. 9261. Forms part of : British Cartoon Prints Collection (Library of Congress). This record contains unverified data from caption card.
Caricature gillray plumpudding.jpg
The Plumb-pudding in danger, or, State epicures taking un petit souper. The great Globe itself and all which it inherit [sic], is too small to satisfy such insatiable appetites.

Js. Gillray, inv. & fecit.
SUMMARY: William Pitt, wearing a regimental uniform and hat, sitting at a table with Napoleon. They are each carving a large plum pudding on which is a map of the world.
Pitt's slice is considerably larger than Napoleon's.
MEDIUM: 1 print : etching, hand-colored.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: London : H. Humphrey, 1805 February 26.

According to Wright & Evans, Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray (1851, OCLC 59510372), p. 240, "The new Emperor, and his opponent the English Minister, helping themselves—one taking the land, the other the sea. On the overtures made by the new Emperor for a reconciliation with England in the January of 1805."
GillrayBritannia.jpg
Britannia between Scylla & Charybdis. or— The Vessel of the Constitution steered clear of the Rock of Democracy, and the Whirlpool of Arbitrary-Power.

Js. Gy. desn. et fect. pro bono publico.

SUMMARY: Pitt steering small boat, The Constitution, which also carries Britannia, towards a castle with a flag inscribed "Haven of Public Happiness". They are pursued by Sheridan, Fox, and Priestley, who are sharks, dogs of Scylla.

MEDIUM: 1 print : engraving, color.

CREATED/PUBLISHED: [London] : Pub. by H. Humphrey, April 8th 1793.