John Claude White
| John Claude White | |
|---|---|
.png) | |
| Narození | 1. října 1853 Kalkata |
| Úmrtí | 1918 (ve věku 64–65 let) |
| Alma mater | Rugby School |
| Povolání | fotograf a stavební inženýr |
| Podpis | .png) |
 multimediální obsah na Commons | |
| Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. | |
John Claude White (1. října 1853 – 1918) byl britský inženýr, fotograf, spisovatel a úředník v Britské Indii.
Životopis
Syn armádního chirurga Johna Whitea (1871–1920) a Louise Henriette (Claude) Pfeffer Whiteové se narodil v indické Kalkatě (nyní Kalkata). Jeho vzdělání zahrnovalo mimo jiné v roce 1868 období na Rugby School po dobu šesti měsíců. White později studoval na Royal Indian Engineering College v Cooper's Hill, Surrey, než se v roce 1876 připojil k oddělení veřejných prací v Bengálsku jako pomocný inženýr.[1]
Indie a Sikkim
White původně pracoval v Bengálsku, Nepálu a Dárdžilingu. V roce 1883 byl přidělen k britské rezidenci v Káthmándú v Nepálu, kde fotografoval architekturu a památky.[2] V roce 1889 byl jmenován politickým úředníkem v severovýchodním indickém království Sikkim.[1] Stal se předsedou rady a navrhl v Sikkimu provést minerální průzkumy v nevyužité pustině. Založil také lesnické oddělení a první policejní stanici v Aritaru a zavedl pěstování anglických jabloní v severních městech Lachung a Lachen.[3]
Po Kalkatské úmluvě z let 1890–1893 podepsané Británií a Čínou z dynastie Čching byl White odeslán do Jatongu na úpatí údolí Čumbi v Tibetu, aby vyhodnotil obchodní situaci na nové základně. Následně uvedl, že ačkoli se k němu Číňané chovali přátelsky, „neměli žádnou autoritu“ a nebyli schopni Tibeťany kontrolovat. White dospěl k závěru, že „Čína byla Tibetu nadvládou jen jménem“.[4]
V roce 1903 se White na základě rozkazu místokrále Indie lorda George Curzona stal zástupcem komisaře Tibetské pohraniční komise pod vedením Francise Younghusbanda, politického důstojníka vyslaného do britské armády,[5] který vedl britskou výpravu do Tibetu v letech 1903–1904. Předpokládaným cílem vojenské expedice bylo urovnat spory na hranici Sikkimu a Tibetu, ale ve skutečnosti se stala (podle překročení pokynů z Londýna) de facto invazí do Tibetu. White nebyl spokojen se svým vysláním na misi, protože by ztratil výhody své současné role a pozice a zašel tak daleko, že telegrafoval indickému místokráli lordu Curzonovi a vrchnímu veliteli indické armády lordu Kitchenerovi, aby byl příkaz zrušen. Younghusband to považoval za neposlušnost, stejně jako jeho kolegové v Šimle, a jmenování bylo potvrzeno. Younghusband se pomstil za Whiteův vzdor, když ho později nechal v sikkimské džunglí zamořené pijavicemi, aby zajišťoval transport mul a námezdních dělníků kuli do Tibetu.[5]
Whiteovi bylo na základě prohlášení jako jedinému členovi tibetské expedice povoleno fotografovat kláštery ve Lhase.[2]
Podnikl pět cest do Bhútánu a v roce 1907 fotografoval korunovaci prvního krále země.[2]
Osobní život
Dne 12. září 1876, před cestou do Indie, se White oženil se svou vzdálenou sestřenicí Jessie Georginou Rankenovou v kostele Všech svatých v Kensingtonu v Londýně. Měli spolu dceru Beryl narozenou v Bengálsku v roce 1877.[1]
Fotografie
White během svých cest po regionu vytvořil bohatou a podrobnou fotografickou zprávu o kultuře a scenériích v Himálaji. John Falconer, kurátor fotografií Britské knihovny v Oriental and India Office Collections popsal Whiteovu práci jako „pravděpodobně jednu z posledních a určitě patřící mezi nejpůsobivější produkty tradice kvazi-amatérské fotografie, která vzkvétala mezi příslušníky administrace a armády v Indii od padesátých let 19. století.“[6]
Kniha z roku 2005 In the Shadow of the Himalayas: Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim: a Photographic Record by John Claude White, 1883–1908 obsahuje antologii himálajských fotografií pořízených Whiteem.
Publikace
- Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-one years on the North East Frontier 1887-1908. Londýn: Edward Arnold, 1909. Dostupné online.
Galerie
Kampa Dzong, Tibet, 1904
Ugjen Vangčuk se svou rodinou, 1905
Ugjen Vangčuk se svými ochránci, Trongsa Dzong, Bhútán, 1905
Čogley Tulku, Deb Ráža, Bhútán, 1905
Odkazy
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku John Claude White na anglické Wikipedii.
- ↑ a b c John Claude White - career [online]. King's College London [cit. 2015-08-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ Rajiv Rai. The State in the Colonial Periphery: A Study on Sikkim’s Relation with Great Britain. [s.l.]: Partridge Publishing India, 2015. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-1-4828-4871-7.
- ↑ Younghusband 1910, s. 54.
- ↑ a b Patrick French. Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer. [s.l.]: Penguin Books Limited, 2011. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-14-196430-0. S. 269.
- ↑ John Claude White - politics [online]. King's College London [cit. 2015-08-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
Literatura
- YOUNGHUSBAND, Francis, 1910. India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. London: John Murray. Dostupné online.
- MEYER, Kurt; MEYER, Pamela Deuel. In the Shadow of the Himalayas: Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim : a Photographic Record by John Claude White, 1883-1908. [s.l.]: Mapin, 2005. ISBN 978-1-89-020661-1.
Související články
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu John Claude White na Wikimedia Commons
Média použitá na této stránce
Sir Ugyen Wangchuck, with his bodyguards — at Tongsa Dzong in Bhutan, 1905. He became the first King of Bhutan in 1907.
Photograph of John Claude White, first Political Officer of Sikkim, c. 1908
King Ugyen Wangchuck — in Punakha, the old capital of Bhutan, in 1905.
- Ugyen Wangchuck was the first King of Bhutan, from 1907 to 1926.
Sir Ugyen Wangchuck (center) and his family — in Punakha, the old capital of Bhutan, in 1905.
- Front row - eldest daughter of Thimbu Dzongpen, Trongsa Penlop, sister of Trongsa Penlop.
- Back row (on verandah) - younger daughter also married to nephew, grandson of Trongsa Penlop, eldest daughter of Trongsa Penlop's sister, eldest daughter married to nephew of Trongsa Penlop. Top left, his wife Tsundue Pema Lhamo and their son, Jigme Wangchuck.
- He became the first King of Bhutan in 1907.
Photograph of John Claude White, first Political Officer of Sikkim, c. 1908
Chogley Tulku, Deb Raja of Bhutan, 1905.
Entitled: Kampa Dzong, Tibet [1904] John C. White [RESTORED] The image was nearly perfect to begin with. I smoothed out the clouds, got rid of some minor spot and scratch problems, evened the tones and added a bit more contrast. (I had previously wrongly attributed this image to John Baptist Noel, one of White's contemporaries in the region and another historical photography figure in his own right; my humble apologies to all viewers for the glaring error.)
"British amateur photographer, who served in the Indian Public Works Department from 1876 and as political agent for Sikkim, Bhutan, and Tibetan affairs 1905–8. White accompanied the Younghusband Mission to Tibet in 1903–4 and during the campaign made a series of mainly landscape photographs, including a number of impressive panoramas. A selection of these was later issued in two photogravure volumes by the Calcutta photographers Johnston & Hoffmann as Tibet and Lhasa (1906). Owing to political sensitivities regarding the accompanying text, they were subsequently withdrawn, and are now extremely rare. A memoir, Sikhim and Bhutan: Experiences of Twenty Years on the North‐Eastern Frontier of India, appeared in 1909, and many of White's photographs accompany the articles on Sikkim and Bhutan which he later wrote for the National Geographic Magazine."
Quoted from: John Claude White Biography - (1853–1918), Tibet and Lhasa <a href="http://arts.jrank.org/pages/11649/John-Claude-White.html#ixzz0rWQ9hPl7" rel="nofollow">arts.jrank.org/pages/11649/John-Claude-White.html#ixzz0rW...</a>
Kampa Dzong (trad. Khamber Jong; also Khampa Dzong), also referred to as the Tibetan hamlet of Gamba, sits just north of the point where Nepal, India (Sikkim) and Bhutan currently abuts the Chinese border.
Tibet sat on the crossroads of history in the early 1900's, with a British force seeking to secure the northern border of its subcontinent possessions against incursion. Britain was alarmed that China was reportedly allowing unopposed Russian access to Tibet, thus putting another colonial power immediately north of India. As a prelude to that conflict, the British regional authorities attempted to negotiate with both Tibet and China and seek agreements with both governments. The meeting place was supposed to be at Kampa Dzong, see below:
"The causes of the war are obscure, and it seems to have been primarily provoked by rumours circulating amongst the Calcutta-based British administration (Delhi was made imperial capital of India in 1911) that the Chinese government, (who nominally controlled Tibet), were planning to turn it over to the Russians, thus providing Russia with a direct route to British India and breaking the chain of semi-independent, mountainous buffer-states which separated India from the Russian Empire to the north. These rumours were seemingly supported by the facts of Russian exploration of Tibet. Russian explorer Gombojab Tsybikov was the first photographer of Lhasa, residing in it in 1900—1901 with the aid of the thirteenth Dalai Lama's Russian courtier Agvan Dorjiyev.
In view of the rumors, the Viceroy, Lord Curzon in 1903 sent a request to the governments of China and Tibet for negotiations to be held at Khampa Dzong (Khamber Jong), a tiny Tibetan village north of Sikkim to establish trade agreements. The Chinese were willing, and ordered the thirteenth Dalai Lama to attend. However, the Dalai Lama refused, and also refused to provide transportation to enable the amban (the Chinese official based in Lhasa), You Tai, to attend. Curzon concluded that China had no power or authority to compel the Tibetan government, and gained approval from London to send a military expedition, led by Colonel Francis Younghusband, to Khampa Dzong. When no Tibetan or Chinese officials met them there, Younghusband advanced, with some 1,150 soldiers, 10,000 porters and laborers, and thousands of pack animals, to Tuna, fifty miles beyond the border. After waiting more months there, hoping in vain to be met by negotiators, the expedition received orders (in 1904) to continue toward Lhasa.
Tibet's government, guided by the Dalai Lama was understandably unhappy about the presence of a large acquisitive foreign power dispatching a military mission to its capital, and began marshalling its armed forces. The government was fully aware that no help could be expected from the Chinese government, and so intended to use their arduous terrain and mountain-trained army to block the British path. The British authorities had also thought of the trials mountain fighting would pose, and so dispatched a force heavy with Gurkha and Pathan troops, who came from mountainous regions of British India. The entire British force numbered just over 3,000 fighting men and was accompanied by 7,000 sherpas, porters and camp followers. Permission for the operation was received from London, but it is not clear that the Balfour government was fully aware of the scale of the operation, or of the Tibetan intention to resist it."
Source: <a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/British_expedition_to_Tibet" rel="nofollow">www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/British_expedition_to_Tibet</a>