Krysí stezky
Krysí stezky (angl. Ratlines) je pojmenování pro systém únikových cest, díky němuž nacisté a fašisté prchali z Evropy v závěru druhé světové války. Tyto trasy vedly zejména do Jižní Ameriky, konkrétně do Argentiny, Paraguaye, Brazílie, Uruguaye, Chile a Bolívie. Cílem lidí, snažících se uniknout zodpovědnosti za své činy během války, však byly i destinace ve Spojených státech, Velké Británii, Kanadě a na Středním Východě.
Existovaly dvě hlavní trasy: první vedla z Německa do Španělska, a poté do Argentiny; druhá z Německa do Říma a dále přes Janov do Jižní Ameriky.
Alois Hudal
Významnou postavou krysích stezek byl rakouský katolický biskup Alois Hudal, který pracoval v Římě. Ke konci druhé světové války a po ní pomáhal k útěku nacistickým zločincům, většinou do Argentiny. Celkově pomohl uprchnout minimálně několika tisícům lidí.[1] Novou identitu a řadu let na svobodě díky němu získal např. německý válečný zločinec Adolf Eichmann nebo velitel vyhlazovacích táborů v Sobiboru a Treblince Franz Stangl.
Díky skrývaní uprchlíků v klášterech, jejichž obyvatelé většinou netušili, o koho jde, se zdařil útěk také mnoha vedoucím představitelům chorvatského ustašovského režimu.[1]
Odkazy
Reference
- ↑ a b Aktér masakru v Ardeatinských jeskyních unikal spravedlnosti půl století. Česká televize [online]. 2013-07-29. Dostupné online.[nedostupný zdroj]
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SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann (1906–1962), head of Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA, Reich Security Central Office) Department IV B4 (Jewish affairs), who organized the deportation of Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. Taken in or around 1942, this appears to have been Eichmann's official RSHA ID photograph. Yad Vashem describes the image as "Eichmann, RSHA (Reich Central Security Office), 1942, Collection Archive, Yad Vashem Archives." See this version with a signature; the holes from the hole punch are visible.
The image shows Eichmann in his Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) uniform, with four silver pips and a stripe on the left collar. He became Obersturmbannführer on 9 November 1941.[1]
David Cesarani writes: "The much used official photograph of the smiling young SS officer with filmstar looks who deported millions of Jews to the death camps seems to personify all the perpetrators of Nazi genocide. The ubiquity of this image is equalled by that of Eichmann at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961, sitting or standing inside a bulletproof glass booth".[2]
It is not known where the photograph was taken. After the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, Eichmann travelled extensively, setting up offices in countries from which Jews were being deported. The birth of his children mirrored this movement: his first son was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1936; his second in Vienna, Austria, in 1940; and his third in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic), in 1942, where he and his wife had rented a home since 1939 and which he regarded as his official residence. He would regularly return to Berlin.[3] (His fourth son was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1955.)
Bettina Stangneth writes that, from June 1942, when Reinhard Heydrich, head of the RSHA, was assassinated in Prague, Eichmann "began ensuring that no one took his photograph".[4] Describing the security measures Eichmann took because he "lived in constant fear of assassination", Dieter Wisliceny, another SS officer, wrote in a statement in 1946: "The same caution made him camera-shy. Whenever he needed photographs for identification papers, he had them done by the Gestapo Photographic Laboratory. I myself took two pictures of Eichmann, the first in 1937 and the second in 1944, showing Eichmann in uniform. It was taken in Hungary, and even there Eichmann made me give him the negative. The pictures used to be in my apartment in Vienna 18, Buchleitengasse 8."[5].jpg)
Auschwitz, Poland, Three SS officers socialize on the grounds of the SS retreat outside of Auschwitz, at “Solahütte”, 1944. From left to right they are: Richard Baer (Commandant of Auschwitz), Dr. Josef Mengele and Rudolf Hoess (the former Auschwitz Commandant).
(c) Echando una mano, CC BY-SA 3.0
Pope Pius XII's coat of arms.
Azure, a silver dove with a turned head that holds an olive branch of sinople and that is placed on a silver mountain with three peaks that rests on a sinople terrace surmounted on a wavy sea of silver and azure.
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(c) Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Fotograf: Willy Pragher, CC BY 3.0 de
„Dr. Ante Pavlrlic, Poglawinnik“
Official portrait of Pope Pius XII by Y.Karsh