Lee Moorhouse

Lee Moorhouse
Rodné jménoThomas Leander Moorhouse
Narození28. února 1850
Marion County
Úmrtí1. června 1926 (ve věku 76 let)
Pendleton
Místo pohřbeníPendleton
Povolánífotograf
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Moorhouse (zcela vpravo, zadní řada) pózuje s delegáty Cayuse a Shahaptian během setkání s komisařem pro indické záležitosti ve Washingtonu DC

Lee Moorhouse (Thomas Leander Moorhouse, 28. února 18501. června 1926) z Pendletonu v Oregonu, Spojené státy americké, byl americký fotograf a indiánský agent pro indiánskou rezervaci Umatilla. Od roku 1888 do roku 1916 vytvořil více než 9 000 snímků dokumentujících městský, venkovský a indiánský život v Kolumbijské pánvi, a zejména v okrese Umatilla v Oregonu.

Život

Thomas Leander Moorhouse se narodil v Marion County, Iowa a v roce 1861 jako dítě cestoval se svou rodinou po Oregonské stezce do Walla Walla ve Washingtonu. V dospělosti pracoval jako horník, geodet, rančer, obchodník, občanský vůdce, realitní operátor a prodavač pojištění. Kromě toho, že působil jako indiánský agent, sloužil v letech 1879 až 1883 jako asistent generálního adjutanta třetí brigády milice státu Oregon.[1]

Fotografie

Moorhouse se považoval za amatérského fotografa, ale v 80. letech 19. století se tento koníček stával stále důležitější součástí jeho života. Znal se s Waltrem S. Bowmanem, profesionálním fotografem v Pendeltonu.[2]

Na rozdíl od většiny amatérských fotografů té doby Moorhouse pracoval a ovládal těžkopádné a náročné vybavení profesionálů, včetně suchých skleněných želatinových negativů, velkých fotoaparátů a stativu. Kritici se domnívají, že jeho práce odráží bystré oko, hluboké uznání historie a intenzivní zájem o jeho svět, který přesahoval rámec amatérů. Zvláštní význam mají Moorhousovy fotografie původních obyvatel Ameriky Cayusů, kmenů Walla Walla a Umatilla.

Stejně jako ostatní západní američtí fotografové tohoto období dokumentoval Moorhouse vzhled, kostýmy a životní styl původních obyvatel. Mnohé z těchto charakteristik měly pod západním kulturním tlakem zmizet. Stejně jako ostatní fotografové té doby zobrazoval romantický pohled na své subjekty, inscenoval záběry tak, aby odrážely jejich osobní názory, a přitom pozměňoval detaily a vytvářel nepřesné snímky. V Moorhousově případě existují významné rozdíly mezi dvěma širokými kategoriemi jeho práce s domorodými lidmi. Jeho studiové portréty členů kmene, které byly za jeho života považovány za jeho nejlepší dílo, jsou strnule pózované a pravděpodobně neautentické. Záznamy naznačují, že Moorhouse zásoboval portrétované z rozsáhlé sbírky indiánských artefaktů, oblečením, které nosili, a nářadím, které drželi. Naproti tomu jeho obrazy domorodého života v rezervaci Umatilla přesně odrážejí domorodé oblečení a obydlí té doby. Dokumentují také některé ze sociálních a kulturních proměn, které domorodé národy prožívaly během tohoto období kulturního konfliktu. Moorhouseovy fotografie byly nedávno rozpoznány  jako cenné pro vyvolání vzpomínek na minulost mezi kmenovými staršími Umatilla, přičemž tyto příběhy se přidaly do archivu původní kultury.

Moorhouse také zachytil významnou paletu obrázků o vývoji Oregonského území. Šest set pohledů na život na ranči, zejména na pěstování pšenice, dokumentuje farmáře, jejich domovy, potulné dělníky a jejich práci na polích. Jsou tam také tisíce obrázků maloměsta a komunitního života; podniky, školy, kostely a různé formy dopravy, jako jsou lokomotivy a automobily. Společenské funkce a zábava se objevují na jeho fotografiích cirkusů, průvodů, představení Divokého západu a především Pendleton Roundup v Pendletonu v Oregonu.

Moorhouse vydal stručnou knihu fotografií a tvořil pohlednice s jeho prací. Prodalo se možná až 100 000 pohlednic.

Tři sta jeho fotografií zakoupil americký úřad pro americkou etnologii ve 30. letech 20. století. Sedm tisíc obrázků od Moorhousea je udržováno ve speciálních sbírkách a univerzitních archivech knihoven University of Oregon; Moorhouseova rodina darovala fotografie v roce 1948. Dalších 1400 snímků bylo předáno knihovně okresu Umatilla v roce 1958.

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Lee Moorhouse na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Lee Moorhouse photographs | University of Oregon Libraries [online]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2012-09-25. (anglicky) 
  2. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2013-10-19. (anglicky) 

Literatura

  • Grafe, Steven L. Lee Moorhouse: Photographer of the Inland Empire. Oregon Historical Quarterly 98, 4 (Zima 1997-98).
  • Grafe, Steven J. "Peoples of the Plateau: The Indian Photographs of Lee Moorhouse, 1898-1915. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Sandweiss, Martha A. Picturing Indians: Curtis in Context, in The Plains Indian Photographs of Edward S. Curtis (Lincoln 2001).
  • Schmitt, Martin. The Moorhouse Photographic Collection." The Call Number 15, 1 (Prosinec 1953).
  • Walker, Deward E. The Moorhouse Collection: A Window on Umatilla History," in The First Oregonians, ed. by Carolyn M. Buan and Richard Lewis

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Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest - especially of Washington and Oregon (1910) (14730178546).jpg
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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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Photo by Lee Moorliouse YAKIMA CHIEFScalp locks are here used as ornaments attached to the beaded yoke
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Photo by Lee Moorh PEO, CAYUSE WARRIOR OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Another year passed and again the Thunder sounded.Taking the toddling child by the hand, the motherclimbed the hill, and when the top was reached sheplaced it on the ground and fled. But the boyscrambled up and ran after her, and his frightenedcry stayed her feet. He caught her garments andclung to them, and although the Thunder called, shecould not obey; her vow had been made before sheknew the strength of a mothers love. Gathering theboy within her arms, she hid herself and him fromthe presence of the gods. The storm passed, and themother and child returned to the lodge, but fear hadtaken possession of her; she watched her son witheyes in which terror and love struggled for the mastery. One day as the little one played beside a ripplingbrook, laughing and singing in his glee, suddenly theclouds gathered, the flashing lightning sent beast andbird to cover, and drove the mother out to find herchild. She heard his voice ab

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Let 'er buck BHL18506943.jpg
Let 'er buck : a story of the passing of the old West / by Charles Wellington Furlong ... with fifty illustrations taken from life by the author and others.
Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest - especially of Washington and Oregon (1910) (14750837624).jpg
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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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e he said, This is the ghost which came to me. 101 MYTHS AND LEGENDS ORIGIN OF THE TRIBES Chinook ENG ago, in Lake Cle-el-lum, lived Wish-poosh, the monster beaver. Cle-el-lum wasbeautiful. It was also full of fish. Theanimal people wanted to fish there but Wishpooshkilled them. Wishpoosh dragged them into thewater and drowned them. Wishpoosh also killedand ate the animal people. At last Coyote tried to kill him. Coyote fasteneda spear to his wrist with a strong cord. Thenhe began to fish in the lake. Soon Wishpooshattacked him. Coyote speared the beaver. ThenWishpoosh plunged to the bottom of Cle-el-lumand dragged Coyote with him. But Coyote foughthard with Wishpoosh. They fought so hard, they tore out the banks ofCle-el-lum. The waters rushed through the break,then through the mountains and down the canon.They rushed into Kittitas Valley. The water formedanother lake in Kittitas Valley. Coyote and Wishpoosh fought so hard they toreout the banks of the new lake. The waters rushed 102
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Photo by Lee Moorhouse. Copyrighted INDIAN TYPE. CHIEF JOSEPH OF THE NEZ PERCESThis tribe, except during the Nez Perce war, was always friendly to the whites

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Lee Moorhouse, portrait, bust.
Hoo-sis-mox-mox LCCN90710316.tif
Title: Hoo-sis-mox-mox Abstract/medium: 1 photographic print.
Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest - especially of Washington and Oregon (1910) (14566526838).jpg
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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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Photo by Lee Moorhouse. Copyrighted INDIAN TYPE. CHIEF JOSEPH OF THE NEZ PERCESThis tribe, except during the Nez Perce war, was always friendly to the whites
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Photo by Lee Moorhoust, Copyrighted INDIAN TYPE. FISH-HAWK, PRESENT CHIEF OF THE CAYUSESThe Cayuse Indians were responsible for the Whitman massacre OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST down into the basin of the Cowiche, Nachess, andAtahnum. The water formed a larger lake. Ya-kima was flooded and a very great lake formed atToppenish. Coyote and Wishpoosh fought so hard that theytore out the banks of this very great lake. Thewaters rushed to the meeting-place of the Yakima,the Snake, and the Columbia Rivers. The watershere formed a very, very great lake. Coyote and Wishpoosh fought so hard that eventhe banks of this lake were torn out. Then Wish-poosh dashed down the Great River. Coyote wasout of breath. Coyote wanted to stop Wishpoosh.He caught at the trees and stones along the banks ofGreat River. Nothing could stop Wishpoosh. Atlast Coyote and the beaver reached the breakers atthe mouth of Great River, reached the breakers ofthe Bitter Waters. Wishpoosh was very angry. He killed salmonand swal

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Identifier: leterbuckstoryof01furl (find matches)
Title: Let 'er buck, a story of the passing of the old West
Year: 1921 (1920s)
Authors: Furlong, Charles Wellington, 1874-
Subjects: Frontier and pioneer life Cowboys
Publisher: New York, Putnam
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

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Photo by Maj. Lee Moorhouse Swift and Reckless at the Tiu-ns
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SWINGING THE TURNS LIKE GALLEONS IN A GALE The stagecoaches, those old caravels of the plauis, are guidedin their courses around the quarter-mile track with no slowingdown at the turns and horses on the dead run from start tofinish. It is little wonder that only one year in Round-Up his-tory has seen the three days running go through without oneor more accidents. Wells Fargo, one of the first and the first thoroughly organizedexpress, ran their leather, thoroughbraced, Concord coaches withfour to six horses in the finest Concord harness wherever a traindid not go and there was enough of a demand. Their firststagecoach came around the Horn in 1852 and may be seen intheir stables in San Francisco. Ik the old days a stagecoach generally made forty to sixtymiles a driver, with a relay every twenty miles or so. Some ofthe well-known Wells Fargo six-line stringers like Dave Hornand C. W. Barger of Pendleton have gone sixty miles eachway, being on the seat for forty-eight hours. The stages i

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Let 'er buck BHL18506883.jpg
Let 'er buck : a story of the passing of the old West / by Charles Wellington Furlong ... with fifty illustrations taken from life by the author and others.
Edna Kash-kash, Yakima or Umatilla Indian, from Oregon, full-length portrait, seated in front of tepee, facing front LCCN90716404.tif
Title: Edna Kash-kash, Yakima or Umatilla Indian, from Oregon, full-length portrait, seated in front of tepee, facing front Abstract/medium: 1 photographic print.
Canoeing on the Columbia LCCN90710313.tif
Title: Canoeing on the Columbia Abstract/medium: 1 photographic print.
Let 'er buck BHL18506839.jpg
Let 'er buck : a story of the passing of the old West / by Charles Wellington Furlong ... with fifty illustrations taken from life by the author and others.
Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest - especially of Washington and Oregon (1910) (14730184166).jpg
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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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Copyrighted by Lee Moorhouse AN INDIAN MOTHER AND PAPPOOSE OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST HOW THE ERMINE GOT ITS NECK-LACE Athabascan IN the valley between Koyukuk and Yukon livedan old man, his wife, and two sons. The oldman was too feeble to go out alone any longer,so he told the boys they must travel alone. There-fore they decided to go alone. In the morning they found a porcupine trail.Following this downstream, they came to a largeriver running full of ice. At the edge of the waterthe track disappeared. The brothers leaped on acake of ice and floated downstream. Again theylanded and looked for food, when they found a fishhad been left on the ice, and saw many sled tracks.They followed these. They then heard a faint cry-ing. Going on cautiously, they saw a porcupinecarrying a load. They asked it why it cried. Whenit did not answer, they clubbed it dead, cooked it,and ate it. Going on, they saw a village. An old woman came out, saw them, and called to the people of the 109 MYTHS AND LEGE

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Black and white portrait of Lee Moorhouse.
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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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ance the place where thegirl lived. Until he came in sight of this lodge hehad never left off crying. Now, this girl had a greathorse which would kill people before they couldreach her lodge. That was her guard. The boypicked up two large stones and ran, still crying,toward the lodge. The animal ran at the boy, butthe boy spat all over one of the stones. When thehorse came close, he threw the stone behind him.Then the horse stopped to stamp on the stone and theboy ran on. He was almost in reach of the lodgewhen he threw the other stone. The horse stoppedto stamp on that, and the boy reached the lodge andjumped in. Very soon the girl entered. She knew him atonce and called him by name — Iwapnep Atswitki,Cry-because-he-had-no-wife. She talked to him andasked him if he wanted a bath. So she built a fire,heated water, and prepared him a bath. When hehad taken the bath he became of mans size. Next morning they started toward his home. When they reached this, his grandparents were very 82
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Photo by Lff Moorhoits? CAYUSE SCOUT WHO WAS WITH MCK.AY AT THE CAPTURE OF THE MODOC CHIEF, CAPTAIN JACKHead dress is made chiefly of Modoc scalp locks taken at that time

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Identifier: mythslegendsofpa00juds (find matches)
Title: Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest : especially of Washington and Oregon
Year: 1910 (1910s)
Authors: Judson, Katharine Berry
Subjects: Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific Religion Indians of North America -- Northwest, Pacific
Publisher: Chicago : A.C. McClurg
Contributing Library: New York Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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elp him. Together Coyote and Musk-rat pulled the great beaver to land. Then they cutup Wishpoosh. They threw the pieces over the land. From the head of Wishpoosh, Coyote made theNez Perces, great in council. From the arms hemade the Cayuses, powerful with the bow and war-club. From the legs he made the Klickitats, famousrunners. From the ribs he made the Yakimas.From the belly he made the Chinooks, short, fatpeople, with big stomachs. Coyote at last had onlythe hair and blood of Wishpoosh. These he flungfar up the valley to the east. They became the SnakeRiver Indians, a tribe of war and blood. Thus Coyote created the tribes. Then he re-turned up the Columbia. Now in making the Chinooks and the coast tribes,Coyote forgot to give them any mouth. The godEcahni, travelling along, noticed this. Then Ecahnicalled the tribes to him and with a stone knife gaveeach one a mouth. But for fun Ecahni cut themcrooked. He made some mouths very big. Thus the coast tribes have not perfect mouths. 104
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Photo by Lee Moor house. Copyrighted INDIAN TYPE. WHIRLWIND, MEDICINE MAN OF THE CAYUSES

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Photo of Northwestern Indian subject by Major Lee Moorhouse
PH036 2510 Lee Moorhouse photographs.jpg
Col. E.S. Godfrey, 7th Cavalry, U.S. Army.