Maastricht (geologie)
Maastricht je posledním geologickým stupněm (či věkem) druhohorní éry a křídové periody. Zahrnuje zhruba posledních 6 milionů let druhohor (před 72,1–66,0 Ma). Název dostal podle nizozemského města stejného jména, v jehož okolí jsou objevovány sedimenty právě tohoto stáří.[1] Toto období končí velkým hromadným vymíráním na konci křídy.[2]
Podnebí
V průběhu pozdního maastrichtu (asi před 68,5 až 66,25 milionu let) dochází k celkovému globálnímu ochlazení klimatu. Oteplování pak nastává až zhruba 250 000 let před velkým vymíráním na konci křídy.[3]
Obratlovci tohoto období
Obojživelníci
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Souvrství Maevarano, před 70 miliony let | Madagaskar | Obří žába, dosahující 40 cm délky a 4 kg hmotnosti. | |
| Svrchní křída až pozdní pliocén | Evropa a Severní Amerika | Poměrně robustní „mlokovitý“ obojživelník. |
†Ankylosauria
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Souvrství Hell Creek, před 68–66 mil. let | Montana, USA | Mohutný čtvernohý býložravec, největší zástupce skupiny.[4] | |
Souvrství Horseshoe Canyon, před 76–71 mil. let | Alberta, Kanada a Montana, USA | Velký obrněný dinosaurus. | ||
| Souvrství Dinosaur Park a jiné, asi před 76–67 mil. let | Alberta a Montana | Velký čtyřnohý obrněný dinosaurus. | |
| Souvrství Ojo Alamo, svrchní křída | Nové Mexiko | Velký nodosaurid. | |
Kampán-maastricht | Rakousko, Rumunsko, Francie | Malý nodosaurid, délka asi 2,2 metru. | ||
| Souvrství Barun Goyot | Mongolsko | Jeden z největších ankylosauridů, délka až 8,5 metru. |
Ptáci
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
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| Před 66,7 milionu let | Belgie | Primitivní zástupce kladu Neornithes, mající blízko ke kladu Galloanserae. | |
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| Před 71 až 66 miliony let | Francie, Rumunsko | Největší známý nelétavý křídový pták, odhadovaná hmotnost až kolem 150 kg. | |
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| Před 66,5 milionu let | Antarktida | Zástupce čeledi Vegaavidae. |
Chrupavčité ryby
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Ceratopsiani
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
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| Před 68 až 67 miliony let | Alberta, Kanada | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[6] | |
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| Před 68 až 66 miliony let | Severní Amerika | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[7] | |
| Před 68 až 66 miliony let | Severní Amerika | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[8] |
Krokodýli
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Kostnaté ryby
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Savci
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
Montana | ||||
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†Ornithopoda
†Ornitopodi | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Asi před 68–65,5 miliony let, souvrství Hell Creek. | Západ Severní Ameriky. | Velký hadrosaurid, délka až 12 metrů. | |
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| Dálný Východ (Rusko) | Velký hadrosaurid s výrazným lebečním hřebenem. | ||
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| Asi před 70 miliony let. | Čína | Jeden z největších hadrosauridů, délka až 15 metrů. | |
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| Souvrství Hell Creek, asi před 68–65,5 miliony let. | Montana, USA | Menší ornitopod, délka asi 4 metry. | |
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†Pachycephalosauria
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Plesiosauria
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Ptakoještěři
†Ptakoještěři | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
| Souvrství Densus-Ciula, Rumunsko | Jeden z největších ptakoještěrů, rozpětí křídel kolem 12 metrů. | ||
| Severní Amerika | |||
| Severní Amerika | Jeden z největších ptakoještěrů vůbec, rozpětí křídel až 13 metrů. |
†Sauropoda
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Argentina | Obří sauropod. | |||
| Argentina | Obří sauropod. | ||
Bruhathkayosaurus může být největším vůbec známým dinosaurem. | ||||
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| Grès à Reptiles, Francie; Španělsko | Středně velký sauropod, známý také z fosílií vajec. | ||
| Indie | |||
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| Rumunsko | Malý sauropod, zřejmě ostrovní forma. | ||
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Šupinatí
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Teropodi (neptačí)
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Souvrství Allen?, Souvrství Anacleto?, Argentina | |||
| Souvrství Nemegt, Mongolsko | |||
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| Souvrství Nemegt, Mongolsko | |||
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Želvy
Želvy | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Rostliny
- Metasequoia
Odkazy
Reference
- ↑ Johan Vellekoop, Pim Kaskes, Matthias Sinnesael, Jarno Huygh, Thomas Déhais, John W. M. Jagt, Robert P. Speijer and Philippe Claeys (2022). A new age model and chemostratigraphic framework for the Maastrichtian type area (southeastern Netherlands, northeastern Belgium). Newsletters on Stratigraphy. 55 (4): 479-501. doi: 10.1127/nos/2022/0703
- ↑ http://www.pravek.info/novinky/era-dinosauru-skoncila-na-prelomu-jara-a-leta/
- ↑ Maurícius Nascimento Menezes, Patrick Führ Dal' Bó, Jon J. Smith, Amanda Goulart Rodrigues & Álvaro Rodríguez-Berriguete (2022). Maastrichtian atmospheric pCO2 and climatic reconstruction from carbonate paleosols of the Marília Formation (southeastern Brazil). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 92 (9): 775–796. doi: https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.060
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2017/10/19/ankylosaurus-reloaded/
- ↑ Sydney R. Mohr, John H. Acorn, Gregory Funston & Philip J. Currie (2020). An ornithurine bird coracoid from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0202
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2018/04/16/eotriceratops-xerinsularis/
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2017/05/04/kolosalni-ceratopsid-torosaurus/
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2009/09/11/809836-kral-rohatych-dinosauru/
- ↑ https://www.idnes.cz/technet/veda/dinosaurus-ptakojester-katastrofa-vymirani-krida-66-milionu-let.A210901_224655_veda_vse
- ↑ SOCHA, Vladimír. Mosasauři z Pekelného potoka. OSEL.cz [online]. 26. srpna 2021. Dostupné online. (česky)
Externí odkazy
- SOCHA, Vladimír. All about T. rex. OSEL.cz [online]. 11. května 2020. Dostupné online. (česky)
Média použitá na této stránce
Autor: No machine-readable author provided. ArthurWeasley~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims)., Licence: CC BY 2.5
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Photo shot by myself on 12/20/2005. This is a replica of the actual skull that is kept in storage.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Struthiomimus altus is an ornithomimid from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, pencil drawing, digital coloring
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Autor: Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov Crest fixed by FunkMonk., Licence: CC BY 3.0
Nyctosaurus sp. Modified to match crest-shape shown in:[1]
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
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Possible appearance of a Ankylosaurus according to the few bones found. Based on skeletal reconstruction in Carpenter 2004 and photographs of fossils.
Drawn by en:Smokeybjb
- Based on skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman found here.
a speculative representation on how the Alamosaurus sanjuanensis could have been. there is no complete skeleton found yet.
Quetzalcoatlus.
Autor: User:ArthurWeasley, Licence: CC BY 2.5
Life restoration of Chirostenotes, pencil drawing, based mainly on Scott Hartmann's skeletal of Anzu[1], with modifications after Greg Funston's skeletal of Chirostenotes.[2]
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Autor: Dinoguy2, Licence: CC BY 2.5
A sketch of the dromaeosauridae Saurornitholestes langstoni by Matt Martyniuk [1]
bones of Deinocheirus, self taken photo in Natural History Museum, London, August 2006
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Autor: Sebastian Bergmann from Siegburg, Germany, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0
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Autor: No machine-readable author provided. ArthurWeasley~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims)., Licence: CC BY 2.5
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Author:User:ArthurWeasleyAutor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
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Torosaurus latus, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
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Autor: No machine-readable author provided. ArthurWeasley~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims)., Licence: CC BY 2.5
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Author:User:ArthurWeasleyTaniwhasaurus species mosasaur
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Montanoceratops cerorhynchus, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
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Tarchia ("Brainy") is an armored dinosaur closely related to Ankylosaurus. It lived in Mongolia, and is one of the biggest ankylosaurs found there. It is named for its brain, which is proportionally bigger than its relatives.
Autor: Aaron Gustafson from Hamden, CT, USA, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0
Therizinosaurus model, Royal Ontario Museum.
(c) DiBgd na projektu Wikipedie v jazyce angličtina, CC BY 2.5
Carnotaurus - reconstruction This is an altered version of an image by user DiBgd
- • In the original image the legs were probably too straight. Most dinosaur knees, with the exception of sauropods and some stegosaurs, might not have been able to straighten much past ~120 degrees with out dislocating. 'The Extreme Lifestyles and Habits of the Gigantic Tyrannosaurid Superpredators of the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia' / Gregory S. Paul in Tyrannosaurus Rex, the Tyrant King by Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter (2008).
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Hesperornis regalis, a bird from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Leptoceratops gracilis, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Prognathodon.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Smokeybjb, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Life restoration of Zalambdalestes lechei.
Edmontonia rugosidens.
Autor: Conty, Licence: CC BY 3.0
Sizecomparison between the sauropod dinosaur Magyarosaurus and a human. Magyarosaurus is one of the smallest sauropods known to science.
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY 2.5
Gallimimus bullatus restoration.
- • Based Proportionally on Scott Hartman's skeletal drawing. [1]
- • Three specimens of Ornithomimus preserve evidence of feathers, including evidence of pennaceous feathers on the arms. [1] An additional Ornithomimus specimen suggests that the skin lacked feathers on the lower parts of the thigh and under the tail. [2] This image goes under the assumption that Gallimimus were also covered in feathers.
- • The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.
Note: I often update my images; If you want to post this image on other websites, if possible, please link to the original file here. This will allow others to see the most recent version. Thanks.
References
- ↑ (2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins". Science 338 (6106): 510. DOI:10.1126/science.1225376.
- ↑ (2016). "A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research 58: 108. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Thescelosaurus neglectus, an hypsilophodont from North America, version with scutes and rib plates, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Arrhinoceratops brachyops, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Creator: Dmitry Bogdanov, Licence: CC BY 3.0
New reconstruction of Platecarpus tympaniticus, based on skeletal reconstruction of specimen LACM 128319, upper Santonian–lowermost Campanian, Kansas, USA. Skeletal drawing was published by Lindgren J, Caldwell MW, Konishi T, Chiappe LM (2010).
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Triceratops horridus, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Albanerpeton sp, a salamander-like lissamphibian (Order: Allocaudata) from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Abujoy, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
This is a skeleton of Variraptor mechinorum, taken in Dinosoria (Aude, France)
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Beelzebufo ampinga, a frog from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Debivort, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Sketch of Saurolophus, a hadrosaurid ornithischian dinosaur of the late creataceous of North America and Asia.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Eotriceratops xerinsularis, a recently discovered (Wu et al., 2007) ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, that might have been the direct ancestor of Triceratops, pencil drawing, digital coloring
(c) Debivort, CC BY-SA 3.0
drawing by me user debivort june 07
en:Category:Approved dinosaur imagesAutor: Ballista., Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
A Hypselosaurus egg (Dinosaurland, Lyme Regis).
Autor: Dmitry Bogdanov , Licence: CC BY 3.0
Plotosaurus bennisoni is a mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North America.
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY 2.5
Parksosaurus warreni restoration,
- • Based proportionally on a skeletal diagram by Gregory S Paul. [1]
- • The skin details in this image are speculative but based loosely on related dinosaurs. Until recently most skin impressions from Ornithischians showed circular or polygonal scales but these were from larger hadrosaurs and ceratopsians. In 2009 the Heterodontosaur Tianyulong was described which shows filamentous quill like structures along its back and underside. [2] In 2014 Kulindadromeus was described and showed a mix of feather like structures and scales. [3]
- • The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.
NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks.
References
- ↑ Paul, G.S. , ed. (2000) The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs, St. Martin's Press ISBN: 0-312-26226-4.
- ↑ Zheng, Xiao-Ting (19 March 2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures". Nature 458 (7236): 333–336. DOI:10.1038/nature07856. PMID 19295609.
- ↑ Godefroit, P., Sinitsa, S.M., Dhouailly, D., Bolotsky, Y.L., Sizov, A.V., McNamara, M.E., Benton, M.J., and Spagna, P. 2014. "A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales." Science, 345(6195): 451-455. Published 25 Jul 2014. doi:10.1126/science.1253351
Autor: Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com http://spinops.blogspot.com/, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus
(c) I,, CC BY 2.5
Edmontosaurus regalis, a hadrosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing. Illustration based from the Edmontosaurus' skeletal reconstruction by Greg Paul.
Life restoration of ceratopsid specimen OMNH 10165, originally classified as Pentaceratops, but considered since 2011 Titanoceratops ouranos, a separate genus ( (1 June 2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research 32 (3): 264–276. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007. ISSN 0195-6671.).
Autor: Sebastian Bergmann from Siegburg, Germany, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0
Cast of Gorgosaurus specimen ROM 1247 (sometimes labelled as Albertosaurus) at the Royal Tyrrell Museum.
Anchiceratops (ANG-ki-SER-a-tops; meaning "near horned face", derived from the Greek "anchi -/αγχι-" "near", "cerat-/κερατ-" "horn", "-ops/ωψ" "face") is a genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of western North America.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Diceratus/Nedoceratops hatcheri is a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring