Maastricht (geologie)
Maastricht je posledním geologickým stupněm (či věkem) druhohorní éry a křídové periody. Zahrnuje zhruba posledních 6 milionů let druhohor (před 72,1–66,0 Ma). Název dostal podle nizozemského města stejného jména, v jehož okolí jsou objevovány sedimenty právě tohoto stáří.[1] Toto období končí velkým hromadným vymíráním na konci křídy.[2]
Podnebí
V průběhu pozdního maastrichtu (asi před 68,5 až 66,25 milionu let) dochází k celkovému globálnímu ochlazení klimatu. Oteplování pak nastává až zhruba 250 000 let před velkým vymíráním na konci křídy.[3]
Obratlovci tohoto období
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Souvrství Maevarano, před 70 miliony let | Madagaskar | Obří žába, dosahující 40 cm délky a 4 kg hmotnosti. | |
| Svrchní křída až pozdní pliocén | Evropa a Severní Amerika | Poměrně robustní „mlokovitý“ obojživelník. |
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Souvrství Hell Creek, před 68–66 mil. let | Montana, USA | Mohutný čtvernohý býložravec, největší zástupce skupiny.[4] | |
Souvrství Horseshoe Canyon, před 76–71 mil. let | Alberta, Kanada a Montana, USA | Velký obrněný dinosaurus. | ||
| Souvrství Dinosaur Park a jiné, asi před 76–67 mil. let | Alberta a Montana | Velký čtyřnohý obrněný dinosaurus. | |
| Souvrství Ojo Alamo, svrchní křída | Nové Mexiko | Velký nodosaurid. | |
Kampán-maastricht | Rakousko, Rumunsko, Francie | Malý nodosaurid, délka asi 2,2 metru. | ||
| Souvrství Barun Goyot | Mongolsko | Jeden z největších ankylosauridů, délka až 8,5 metru. |
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Před 66,7 milionu let | Belgie | Primitivní zástupce kladu Neornithes, mající blízko ke kladu Galloanserae. | |
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| Před 71 až 66 miliony let | Francie, Rumunsko | Největší známý nelétavý křídový pták, odhadovaná hmotnost až kolem 150 kg. | |
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| Před 66,5 milionu let | Antarktida | Zástupce čeledi Vegaavidae. |
Chrupavčité ryby
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Ceratopsiani
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Před 68 až 67 miliony let | Alberta, Kanada | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[6] | |
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| Před 68 až 66 miliony let | Severní Amerika | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[7] | |
| Před 68 až 66 miliony let | Severní Amerika | Obří rohatý dinosaurus.[8] |
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Montana | ||||
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†Ornitopodi | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Asi před 68–65,5 miliony let, souvrství Hell Creek. | Západ Severní Ameriky. | Velký hadrosaurid, délka až 12 metrů. | |
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| Dálný Východ (Rusko) | Velký hadrosaurid s výrazným lebečním hřebenem. | ||
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| Asi před 70 miliony let. | Čína | Jeden z největších hadrosauridů, délka až 15 metrů. | |
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| Souvrství Hell Creek, asi před 68–65,5 miliony let. | Montana, USA | Menší ornitopod, délka asi 4 metry. | |
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Ptakoještěři | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
| Souvrství Densus-Ciula, Rumunsko | Jeden z největších ptakoještěrů, rozpětí křídel kolem 12 metrů. | ||
| Severní Amerika | |||
| Severní Amerika | Jeden z největších ptakoještěrů vůbec, rozpětí křídel až 13 metrů. |
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Argentina | Obří sauropod. | |||
| Argentina | Obří sauropod. | ||
Bruhathkayosaurus může být největším vůbec známým dinosaurem. | ||||
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| Grès à Reptiles, Francie; Španělsko | Středně velký sauropod, známý také z fosílií vajec. | ||
| Indie | |||
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| Rumunsko | Malý sauropod, zřejmě ostrovní forma. | ||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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†Teropodi (neptačí)
Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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| Souvrství Allen?, Souvrství Anacleto?, Argentina | |||
| Souvrství Nemegt, Mongolsko | |||
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| Souvrství Nemegt, Mongolsko | |||
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Želvy | ||||
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Taxon | Výskyt | Místo | Popis | Obrázek |
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Rostliny
- Metasequoia
Odkazy
Reference
- ↑ Johan Vellekoop, Pim Kaskes, Matthias Sinnesael, Jarno Huygh, Thomas Déhais, John W. M. Jagt, Robert P. Speijer and Philippe Claeys (2022). A new age model and chemostratigraphic framework for the Maastrichtian type area (southeastern Netherlands, northeastern Belgium). Newsletters on Stratigraphy. 55 (4): 479-501. doi: 10.1127/nos/2022/0703
- ↑ http://www.pravek.info/novinky/era-dinosauru-skoncila-na-prelomu-jara-a-leta/
- ↑ Maurícius Nascimento Menezes, Patrick Führ Dal' Bó, Jon J. Smith, Amanda Goulart Rodrigues & Álvaro Rodríguez-Berriguete (2022). Maastrichtian atmospheric pCO2 and climatic reconstruction from carbonate paleosols of the Marília Formation (southeastern Brazil). Journal of Sedimentary Research. 92 (9): 775–796. doi: https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.060
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2017/10/19/ankylosaurus-reloaded/
- ↑ Sydney R. Mohr, John H. Acorn, Gregory Funston & Philip J. Currie (2020). An ornithurine bird coracoid from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0202
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2018/04/16/eotriceratops-xerinsularis/
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2017/05/04/kolosalni-ceratopsid-torosaurus/
- ↑ https://dinosaurusblog.com/2009/09/11/809836-kral-rohatych-dinosauru/
- ↑ https://www.idnes.cz/technet/veda/dinosaurus-ptakojester-katastrofa-vymirani-krida-66-milionu-let.A210901_224655_veda_vse
- ↑ SOCHA, Vladimír. Mosasauři z Pekelného potoka. OSEL.cz [online]. 26. srpna 2021. Dostupné online. (česky)
Externí odkazy
- SOCHA, Vladimír. All about T. rex. OSEL.cz [online]. 11. května 2020. Dostupné online. (česky)
Média použitá na této stránce
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Edmontosaurus annectens (formerly Anatotitan copei), a hadrosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Connor Ashbridge, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Shantungosaurus giganteus
Autor: PaleoNeolitic, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Life restoration of the gigantic, Late Cretaceous therizinosaurid Therizinosaurus cheloniformis. Claws and arms based on holotype PIN 551-483 and specimens IGM 100/15, 100/16 and 100/17.
Autor: UnexpectedDinoLesson, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Majungasaurus crenatissimus, an abelisaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Restoration of ankylosaurid dinosaur. Postcrania based mostly on type specimen of Scolosaurus cutleri, after Carpenter, 1982 [1]. Pencil drawing, digital coloring.
Autor: Jordan Mallon, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.5
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Autor: Alamotitan, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Hypothetical restoration of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, based on Scott Hartman's skeletal restoration [1] with speculative quills and hypothetical osteoderms' position and osteoderms' layout loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et. al., 2015 [2].
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
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Autor: Creator: Dmitry Bogdanov, Licence: CC BY 3.0
Goronyosaurus nigerensis - unusual tylosaurine mosasaur from maastrichtian of Niger
Autor: Nobu Tamura, Licence: CC BY 3.0
Purgatorius unio, from the Late Paleocene of North America, believed to be the earliest primate, pencil drawing, digital coloring
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Hainosaurus catching a squid
Autor: Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov Crest fixed by FunkMonk., Licence: CC BY 3.0
Nyctosaurus sp. Modified to match crest-shape shown in:[1]
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
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Autor: Emily Willoughby (e.deinonychus@gmail.com, http://emilywilloughby.com); modifications by FunkMonk, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Simple drawing of Ankylosaurus magniventris, a North American Cretaceous ankylosaurid. Based on skeletal reconstruction in Paul 2010.
Drawn by en:Smokeybjb
- Based on skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman found here.
Quetzalcoatlus.
Autor: User:ArthurWeasley, Licence: CC BY 2.5
Life restoration of Chirostenotes, pencil drawing, based mainly on Scott Hartmann's skeletal of Anzu[1], with modifications after Greg Funston's skeletal of Chirostenotes.[2]
Autor: PaleoNeolitic, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Life restoration of the large Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus bataar.
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Autor: Josep Asensi: http://durbed.deviantart.com, Licence: CC BY 3.0
Late Cretaceous basal tyrannosaur Dryptosaurus
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Variraptor mechinorum in vivo reconstruction.
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Autor: Conty, Licence: CC BY 3.0
Illustration of the dwarf-sized sauropod dinosaur Magyarosaurus (Romania, Late Cretaceous.)
Autor: Fred Wierum, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Reconstruction of Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis based on the “Sandy” specimen.
Autor: No machine-readable author provided. ArthurWeasley~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims)., Licence: CC BY 2.5
Elasmosaurus, Pencil drawing
Author:User:ArthurWeasleyAutor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Dyrosaurus phosphaticus, a crocodilian from the Early Eocene of North Africa, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Torosaurus latus, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Hatzegopteryx thambema, a pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania, pencil drawing
Autor: Connor Ashbridge, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Triceratops horridus life reconstruction based on P 256878
Autor: Connor Ashbridge, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Hypacrosaurus altispinus
Taniwhasaurus species mosasaur
Autor: UnexpectedDinoLesson, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis is a centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of North America. Instead of horns, its skull bore massive, flattened bosses - a large boss over the nose and a smaller one over the eyes. A prominent pair of horns grew from the frill and extended upwards. The skull also bore several smaller horns or ornaments that varied between individuals. Size estimates for the largest Pachyrhinosaurus species indicate lengths of 6–8 m and a weight of 3–4 t. Pachyrhinosaurus was herbivorous and possessed strong cheek teeth to help them chew tough, fibrous plants.
Autor: UnexpectedDinoLesson, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
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Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
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Autor: Durbed, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Illustration of the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex.
Autor: Mette Aumala, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Artistic reconstruction of the life appearance of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid dinosaur Pyroraptor olympius, based on a generalized dromaeosaurid model where not directly informed by existing fossil material.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Hesperornis regalis, a bird from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Leptoceratops gracilis, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Connor Ashbridge, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Saurolophus osborni
Prognathodon.
Edmontonia rugosidens.
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY 2.5
Gallimimus bullatus restoration.
- • Based Proportionally on Scott Hartman's skeletal drawing. [1]
- • Three specimens of Ornithomimus preserve evidence of feathers, including evidence of pennaceous feathers on the arms. [1] An additional Ornithomimus specimen suggests that the skin lacked feathers on the lower parts of the thigh and under the tail. [2] This image goes under the assumption that Gallimimus were also covered in feathers.
- • The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.
Note: I often update my images; If you want to post this image on other websites, if possible, please link to the original file here. This will allow others to see the most recent version. Thanks.
References
- ↑ (2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins". Science 338 (6106): 510. DOI:10.1126/science.1225376.
- ↑ (2016). "A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research 58: 108. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004.
Autor: AntoninJury, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Restoration of the pachycephalosaurid Prenocephale prenes.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Thescelosaurus neglectus, an hypsilophodont from North America, version with scutes and rib plates, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com http://spinops.blogspot.com/ http://paleoexhibit.blogspot.com/, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Albertosaurus sarcophagus
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Arrhinoceratops brachyops, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Connor Ashbridge, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Amurosaurus riabinini
Autor: Creator: Dmitry Bogdanov, Licence: CC BY 3.0
New reconstruction of Platecarpus tympaniticus, based on skeletal reconstruction of specimen LACM 128319, upper Santonian–lowermost Campanian, Kansas, USA. Skeletal drawing was published by Lindgren J, Caldwell MW, Konishi T, Chiappe LM (2010).
Autor: Tomopteryx, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Rhabdodon priscus by Tom Parker.
Autor: ABelov2014 (https://abelov2014.deviantart.com/), Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Sphaerotholus in environment.
Autor: ДиБгд, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Zalambdalestes lechei - eutherian mammal from the Upper Cretaceous in Mongolia.- Bayn Dzak Member (Djadokhta Formation), Late/Upper Campanian (83.5 - 70.6 Ma)
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Albanerpeton sp, a salamander-like lissamphibian (Order: Allocaudata) from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Beelzebufo ampinga, a frog from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Eotriceratops xerinsularis, a recently discovered (Wu et al., 2007) ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, that might have been the direct ancestor of Triceratops, pencil drawing, digital coloring
(c) Debivort, CC BY-SA 3.0
drawing by me user debivort june 07
en:Category:Approved dinosaur imagesAutor: Ballista., Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
A Hypselosaurus egg (Dinosaurland, Lyme Regis).
Autor: Dmitry Bogdanov , Licence: CC BY 3.0
Plotosaurus bennisoni is a mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North America.
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY 2.5
Parksosaurus warreni restoration,
- • Based proportionally on a skeletal diagram by Gregory S Paul. [1]
- • The skin details in this image are speculative but based loosely on related dinosaurs. Until recently most skin impressions from Ornithischians showed circular or polygonal scales but these were from larger hadrosaurs and ceratopsians. In 2009 the Heterodontosaur Tianyulong was described which shows filamentous quill like structures along its back and underside. [2] In 2014 Kulindadromeus was described and showed a mix of feather like structures and scales. [3]
- • The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.
NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks.
References
- ↑ Paul, G.S. , ed. (2000) The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs, St. Martin's Press ISBN: 0-312-26226-4.
- ↑ Zheng, Xiao-Ting (19 March 2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures". Nature 458 (7236): 333–336. DOI:10.1038/nature07856. PMID 19295609.
- ↑ Godefroit, P., Sinitsa, S.M., Dhouailly, D., Bolotsky, Y.L., Sizov, A.V., McNamara, M.E., Benton, M.J., and Spagna, P. 2014. "A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales." Science, 345(6195): 451-455. Published 25 Jul 2014. doi:10.1126/science.1253351
Autor: Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com http://spinops.blogspot.com/, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of Tylosaurus nepaeolicus
(c) I,, CC BY 2.5
Edmontosaurus regalis, a hadrosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing. Illustration based from the Edmontosaurus' skeletal reconstruction by Greg Paul.
Life restoration of ceratopsid specimen OMNH 10165, originally classified as Pentaceratops, but considered since 2011 Titanoceratops ouranos, a separate genus ( (1 June 2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research 32 (3): 264–276. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007. ISSN 0195-6671.).
Autor: Tom Parker, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Life reconstruction of "Ornithomimus" sp. based on specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation.
Anchiceratops (ANG-ki-SER-a-tops; meaning "near horned face", derived from the Greek "anchi -/αγχι-" "near", "cerat-/κερατ-" "horn", "-ops/ωψ" "face") is a genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of western North America.
Autor: UnexpectedDinoLesson, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Zalmoxes is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur named after the Romanian deity Zalmoxis, as a reference to being "resurrected" from its fossil grave. A fairly small, but robust bipedial herbivore, Zalmoxes could grow to about 2.5 m in length and weighed around 45 kg. It had a large triangular head and a beak, suggesting that it most likely had a diet consisting of tough fibrous plants like horsetails and ferns.
Autor: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Licence: CC BY 3.0
Diceratus/Nedoceratops hatcheri is a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring