Nabatejci

Remains of a Nabataean temple, Wadi Rum, Jordan (33808371790).jpg
Autor: Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0
Remains of a Nabataean temple, Wadi Rum, Jordan

Nabataean Pottery.JPG
Autor: Bjornpa, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Nabataean pottery, from Petra Archaeological Museum

NABATAEAN TRADE ROUTES.png
Autor: Gibson's book: Qur'anic Geography, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Many historians have puzzled over the early trade routes of the Nabataeans. Since there were no distinctive Nabataean cities at this time, most discussion on this topic disintegrates into vague generalities. However, in my book, The Nabataeans, Builders of Petra, I examine the Nabataean people in the light of their social standing, and present a case for seeing the Nabataeans as a people who were traditionally scorned and scoffed at. I point out that because of their low social standing, at least in their early history; they developed their own trade routes and watering systems in the Arabian desert. In the book I also compare them to modern day gypsies and Turkomen who quietly conduct trade in the Middle East to this very day, following the patterns set down by very ancient traders and merchants.

This paper is not focused on any particular theory, but rather presents a number of topics that should be considered when considering Nabataean trade. It starts by outlining the chronological development of Nabataean trade in very broad lines. It then moves on to examine various aspects of Nabataean trade.

Chronological Over View of Nabataean Trade Early History 1900 BC - 600 BC In my paper "A Short History of the Tribes of Northern Arabia" I point out that from 1900 BC to 600 BC, the Nabataeans were known as an Arab tribe that engaged in trading. While their brother tribe, the Qedarites, were known for their military prowess, the Nabataeans seem to be content with running camel caravans in the interior of what is Saudi Arabia today. Acting as merchants they linked Arabia, the Hagarites, Mesopotamia and Edom. I believe that this trade was shared with the other sons of Ishmael, who also were tribes conducting trade in Arabia at the same time.

During this period, the Nabataeans established small colonies in tent communities on the outskirts of many of the major centers of Arabia, Mesopotamia, and the Levant. Some examples of these communities are: Meda'in Saleh near Dedan the Lihyanite capital, Jenysos south of Gaza, Selah near Busheira, the Edomite Capital.

During this period, the major Arabian trade routes included: 1. The Central Arabian Desert Route. Goods traveled from Southern Arabia (Yemen) through the Arabian Peninsula to the land of Edom. From Edom goods moved north to Damascus or west to Egypt. 2. The Eastern Arabian Desert Route. Goods traveled from Southern Arabia (Oman) along the eastern coast by boat by Gerrhean merchants to ports in Mesopotamia. From here goods made their way to Babylon where they joined the Silk Road. Goods then traveled through Damascus to the Phoenicians on the Mediterranean Sea.

600 - 250 BC In the period from 600 BC - 250 BC the Nabataeans first began using boats to pirate on the Red Sea and later on the Mediterranean Sea, from the port of Gaza. This story is recorded for us by Diodorus. There is no evidence that they engaged in maritime trade at this time. Diodorus tells us: "After one has sailed past this country, the Laeanites Gulf comes next, about which are many inhabited villages of Arabs who are known as Nabataeans. This tribe occupies a large part of the coast and not a little of the country which stretches inland, and it has a people beyond telling and flocks and herds in multitude beyond belief. Now in ancient times these men observed justice and were content with the food which they received from their flocks, but later, after the kings of Alexandria had made the ways of the sea navigable for their merchants, these Arabs not only attacked the shipwrecked, but fitting out pirate ships and preyed upon the voyagers, imitating in their practice the savage and lawless ways of the Tauri of the Pontusl. Some time afterwards, however, they were caught on the high seas by some quadriremes and punished as they deserved." (III.43.4)

According to the Zenon Papyri, the Nabataeans were competing with the Mineans and the Gerrheans for the incense trade. These traders were using the overland routes.

250 - 100 BC Three kingdoms existed in southern Arabia. The two inside kingdoms faced the desert, and handled all of the contact with Arab traders. They did not allow frankincense to be moved by boat as the frankincense field lay between them and the coast. However, some of the states along the shore started using boats anyway. They would carry the frankincense to an island and Nabataean boats would pick it up and bringing it north to their new port at Leuce Come. From Leuce Come goods would travel up the coast to Aila, and then inland through the newly developing Nabataean Empire to Egypt, Damascus, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.

During this period, the Ptolemies in Egypt built a series of ports down the African coast to facilitate the importing of elephants from around the African Horn. Nabataean boats carrying cargos from South Yemen to Leuce Come also added the Egyptian port of Berenike to their route. From Berenike goods were sent across the land bridge to Alexandria. During this time Indian and Chinese goods also started arriving at Arabia ports. They were also transported across land to the Mediterranean port of Alexandria where ships carried them to the various civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea. This Foreign trade became so intense that China and India sent trade ambassadors to the Middle East during this time.

For example, trade embassies which were exchanged between Philadelphos of Alexandria and the great Asoka of India. This clearly testifies to tentative direct relations between the Ptolemies of Egypt and India. (Kortenbeutel, op. cit., p29).

Along with this, an envoy of Chinese Emperor Wu-ti, of the Chinese Han dynasty made a visit to the Middle East in 138 - 122 BC. This envoy, Chang Ch'ien mentions a gift from the Arab king of jugglers from Rekeem, (the Nabataean name for Petra).

During this time the Himyarite kingdom in south Arabia began to grow significantly, as the Nabataeans increased their maritime trade with them. It appears that eventually the Nabataeans allied themselves with the Himyarites against the other kingdoms of South Arabia..

100 BC - 85 BC The Nabataean port city of Gaza seemed to be loosing its importance. Most Nabataean Arabian and Asian trade seemed to be passing through Alexandria. Gaza was eventually lost to Jewish control. The Nabataeans continued their expansion northwards at the expense of Gaza. They gained control of the ancient city of Damascus in 85 BC. This allowed them to completely dominate the land and sea routes from the east. The Nabataeans now controlled the Silk Road, the Frankincense Road, the King's Highway, and the maritime trade routes with India and Sri Lanka. The Nabataeans suddenly emerged as a world class economic power. At this point they then began to work hard on projecting a global image or wealth, opulence and honor. One of these projects was the construction of a world class capital city, Petra.

20-30 BC During the Roman campaign to south Yemen to discover the source of frankincense, the Nabataeans not only managed to destroy the Roman army through deception, they effectively used the Romans against the Hadramites and the Mineans. While they did not defeat these kingdoms, they severely weakened them so that the following year the Himyarites began to conquer them. Eventually the Himyarites took control of frankincense production, and all frankincense trade was hereafter conducted by ships to Nabataea, causing the Gerrhean civilization to crumble.

106 AD

At this point in history the Roman Empire acquired (not conquered) the Nabataean Empire. It appears that the Nabataeans sold their Empire to the Romans in order to gain Roman citizenship for their nobility, and also to gain monopoly over the East Asia trade.

Aretas IV coin.jpg
Autor: Rc 13, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Nabataean bronze coin from Petra showing Aretas IV in military dress standing left, holding a spear in his right hand and resting his left hand on sword in sheath, palm branch to left, Aramaic letter “Heth (H)” to right (15 mm, 2.5 g)

Mamshit. The Gate of Nabatean Mampsis (4099431532).jpg
Autor: Ian Scott, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

Approaching the Nabatean-era gates (?) of ancient Mampsis (Mamshit or Kurnub). This was a key Nabatean town located on the trade route that ran overland south of the Dead Sea and through the Arabian desert. Mampsis was a key junction point where this caravan route met the north-south routes into Judea and was also a crucial stop-over on the way West toward Egypt. The city survived into the Byzantine period before trade patterns changed and the settlement was abandoned. Since the site was never re-occupied after the Byzantine era, its remains are remarkably well-preserved.

Mamshit

Nabatean Kingdom map.jpg
Autor: http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4896?lang=en, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This is the map of the Nabatean Kingdom

Avdat Nabatäischer Tempel 7.JPG
Autor: Zairon, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Nabatean Temple, Avdat, Negev Desert, Israel

The Monastery, a monumental building carved out of the rock in the Nabatean Classical style, probably built as a temple in the early second century AD, during the reign of King Rabel II (76-106 AD), Petra (26680852438).jpg
Autor: Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany, Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0

It is one of the largest monuments in Petra, measuring 47m wide by 48.3m high. It was built on the model of the Khazna but here the bas- reliefs are replaced by niches to house sculptures. A columned portico extends of the façade; the interior is occupied by two side benches and altar against the rear wall. It was used as a biclinium for the meetings of religious associations. And dates to the early 2nd century AD, during the reign of King Rabel II. In the hall was reused as a Christian chapel and crosses were carved in the rear wall thus the name “Monastery” (Dayr in Arabic).

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Mada'in Saleh Al-Hijr Hegra (مدائن صالح) (8136618664).jpg
Autor: Basheer Olakara, Licence: CC BY 2.0

Mada'in Saleh, also called Al-Hijr or Hegra is an archaeological site located in the Al-Ula sector, within the Al Madinah Region of Saudi Arabia. A majority of the vestiges date from the Nabatean kingdom (1st century CE). The site constitutes the kingdom's southernmost and largest settlement after Petra, its capital. Traces of Lihyanite and Roman occupation before and after the Nabatean rule, respectively, can also be found in situ, while accounts from the Qur’an tell of an earlier settlement of the area by the tribe of Thamud in the 3rd millennium BC.

According to the central Islamic text, the Thamudis, who would carve out homes in the mountains, were punished by Allah for their persistent practice of idol worship and for conspiring to kill she-camel (as mentioned in the Qur'an), the non-believers being struck by an earthquake and lightning blasts. Thus, the site has earned a reputation down to contemporary times as a cursed place— an image which the national government is attempting to overcome as it seeks to develop Mada'in Saleh, officially protected as an archaeological site since 1972, for its tourism potential.

In 2008, for its well-preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut monumental tombs, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of the Nabatean kingdom,UNESCO proclaimed Mada'in Saleh as a site of patrimony, becoming Saudi Arabia's first World Heritage Site.

Shivta ruins in the negev.jpg
Autor: Someone35, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
shivta ruins in the negev desert

Nabatean Temple in Wadi Rum.jpg
Autor: , Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

Lotz-cisterns-nabatean-house.JPG
Autor: Mboesch, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Lotz Cisterns: Ruine eines nabatäischen Hauses

Nabatean Treasury in Petra, Jordan (4053066855).jpg
Autor: David Berkowitz from New York, NY, USA, Licence: CC BY 2.0
Petra, Jordan, by David Berkowitz