Nom

Nom (někdy též nomos, název odvozen od řeckého slova νομός – „kraj“) původně Thrácká kosmologie Nomos – Světový řád, je označení užívané v egyptologii pro administrativní jednotku ve starověkém Egyptě.

Pro správní účely byl starověký Egypt rozdělen právě na tyto nomy (v egyptštině byly nazývány sepat).

Nom
v hieroglyfickém zápisu

Rozdělení do nomů můžeme vysledovat zpět až do Předdynastické doby (před rokem 3100 př. n. l.), kdy byly nomy původně autonomní městské státy. V raných dějinách Egypta se jejich počet a hranice měnily, ale nakonec se tento správní systém ustálil a nomy pak již zůstaly stejné po více než dvě tisíciletí. Jak oblasti jednotlivých nomů, tak jejich pořadí číslování zůstaly pozoruhodně stabilní. V systému, který přetrval po většinu historie faraonského Egypta, byla země rozdělena do 42 nomů: Dolní Egypt zahrnoval 20 nomů, zatímco Horní Egypt byl rozdělen do 22.

Každý nom byl řízený nomarchou, oblastním správcem, který byl v čele krajského úřadu. Funkce nomarchy byla v prvopočátku centralizovaného Egypta funkcí přidělovanou panovníkem, nicméně jejich moc rostla až si vydobyli dědičnost svého úřadu. Nakonec získali takovou moc, že způsobili pád Staré říše a začátek Prvního přechodného období, v němž král neměl skoro žádnou moc a země byla de facto rozdrobena na malé autonomní státečky. I když si nomarchové zachovali dědičnost svého úřadu po obnovení centrální moci, faraon měl stále možnost současného nomarchu odvolat, či dokonce zbavit celou rodinu této výsady a jmenovat úplně nového nomarchu.

Seznam nomů

Zde je seznam jednotlivých nomů, rozdělený zvlášť pro Dolní a zvlášť pro Horní království.[1]

Dolní království (tȝ mḥw)

čísloStandartaegyptské jménohlavní město nomusoučasný název městapřeklad názvu nomu
1
Nome 1 of Lower-Egypt.png
Aneb-Hetdž (jnb ḥḏ)Ineb Hedj / Men-nefer / Menfe (Memphis)Mit Rahinakraj Bílé zdi
2
Nome 2 of Lower-Egypt.png
Chopeš (ḫpš) nebo ChensuKhem (Letopolis)Ausimkraj (Obětní) kýty
3
Nome 3 of Lower-Egypt.png
Ament (jmnt)Imu (Apis)Kom el-Hisnkraj Západu
4
Nome 4 of Lower-Egypt.png
Nit-Res (njt-rsw) nebo Sapi-ResPtkhekaTantakraj Jižního šípu
5
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-T64C.png
Nit-Meh (njt mḥtt) nebo Sapi-MehZau (Sais)Sa el-Hagarkraj Severního šípu
6
Nome 6 of Lower-Egypt.png
Chasuu (ḫȝsww) nebo ChasetKhasu (Xois)Sakhakraj Divokého (cizího) býka
7
Nome 7 of Lower-Egypt.png
Hui-Ges-Imenti (ḥwj-gs-jmntj)(Hermopolis Parva, Metelis)Damanhurkraj Západní harpuny
8
Nome 8 of Lower-Egypt.png
Hui-Ges-Abti (ḥwj-gs-jȝbtj)Tjeku / Per-Atum (Heroonpolis, Pithom)Tell al-Maskhutakraj Východní hrapuny
9
Nome 9 of Lower-Egypt.png
Andžeti (ˁnḏtj) nebo AtiDjed (Busiris)Abu Sir Barakraj Usíreva
10
Nome 10 of Lower-Egypt.png
Kem-Ur (km wr) nebo Ka-KemHut-hery-ib (Athribis)Tell Atribkraj Černého býka
11
Nome 11 of Lower-Egypt.png
Hesebu (ḥsbw) nebo Ka-HesebTaremu (Leontopolis)Tell al-Urydamkraj (Obětního?) býka
12
Nome 12 of Lower-Egypt.png
Tšeb-Netšer (ṯb nṯr) nebo Tšeb-KaTjebnutjer (Sebennytos)Samanudkraj Telete a krávy
13
Nome 13 of Lower-Egypt.png
Heqa-Ad (ḥqȝ-ˁḏ) nebo Heqa-AtIunu (Heliopolis)Materiya (předměstí Káhiry)kraj Statného vládce
14
Nome 14 of Lower-Egypt.png
Chent-abti (ḫnt-jȝbtj)Tjaru (Sile, Tanis)Tell Abu Sefakraj Stojanu (?) nejvýchodnějšího východu
15
Nome 15 of Lower-Egypt.png
Džehuti (ḏḥwtj) nebo TehutBa'h / Weprehwy (Hermopolis Parva)Baqliyakraj Ibise
16
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-K17A.png
Hat-Mehit (ḥȝt mḥjt) nebo ChaDjedet (Mendes)Tell al-Rubˁkraj Delfína (?)
17
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Aa100.png
Behdet (bḥdt) nebo SemabehdetSemabehdet (Diospolis Inferior)Tell el-Balamunkraj Trůnu
18
Nome 18 of Lower-Egypt.png
Am(ty)-Chent (jmty-ḫntjPer-Bastet (Bubastis)Tell Bastah (poblíž Zagazig)Horní kraj Následníka trůnu
19
Nome 19 of Lower-Egypt.png
Am(ty)-Pehu (jmty-pḥw)Dja'net (Tanis)Nebesha nebo San el-HagarDolní kraj Následníka trůnu
20
Nome 20 of Lower-Egypt.png
Sopdu (spḏw)Per-SopduSaft al-Hennakraj Východu

Horní království (tȝ šmˁ)

čísloStandartaegyptské jménohlavní město nomusoučasný název městapřeklad názvu nomu
1
Nome 1 of Upper-Egypt.png
Ta-Seti (tȝ-stj)Abu / Yebu (Elephantina)Asuánkraj (Nerostu) seti
2
Nome 2 of Upper-Egypt.png
Wetšes-Hor (wṯs-ḥr)Djeba (Apollonopolis Magna)Edfukraj Horova trůnu
3
Nome 3 of Upper-Egypt.png
Nechen (nḫn)Nekhen (Hierakonpolis)al-Kabkraj Svatyně
4
Nome 4 of Upper-Egypt.png
Waset (wȝst)Niwt-rst / Waset (Théby)Karnakkraj Žezla
5
Nome 5 of Upper-Egypt.png
Horui (ḥrwj) nebo Netšerui (nṯrwj)Gebtu (Coptos)Qiftkraj Dvou sokolů
6
Nome 6 of Upper-Egypt.png
Misah (mzḥ) nebo IqerIunet / Tantere (Tentyra)Denderakraj Krokodýla
7
Nome 7 of Upper-Egypt.png
Bat (bȝt) nebo SešešSeshesh (Diospolis Parva)Hukraj Sistra
8
Nome 8 of Upper-Egypt.png
Ta-ur (tȝ-wr)Cenej, Abdju (Abydos)al-Birbakraj Velké země
9
Nome 9 of Upper-Egypt.png
Min (mnw)Apu / Khen-min (Panopolis)Akhmimkraj Boha Mina
10
Nome 10 of Upper-Egypt.png
Wadžet (wȝḏyt)Djew-qa (Aphroditopolis)Iftehkraj Kobry
11
Nome 11 of Upper-Egypt.png
Ša (šȝ) nebo Seth (stẖ)Shashotep (Hypselis)Shutbkraj Sutechova zvířete
12
Nome 12 of Upper-Egypt.png
Džu-ft (ḏw-ft)Hut-Sekhem-Senusret (Antaeopolis)Qaw al-Kebirkraj Zmijí hory
13
Nome 13 of Upper-Egypt.png
Nedžeftet-Chentet (nḏft ḫntt) nebo Atef-ChentZawty (z3wj-tj, Lycopolis)AsyutDolní kraj Zmijího stromu
14
Nome 14 of Upper-Egypt.png
Nedžeftet-Pehtet (nḏft pḥtt) nebo Atef-PehuQesy (Cusae)al-QusiyaHorní kraj Zmijího stromu
15
Nome 15 of Upper-Egypt.png
Unet (wnt)Chemenu (Hermopolis Magna)al-Ashmunaynkraj Zajíce
16
Nome 16 of Upper-Egypt.png
Ma-Hedž (mȝ-ḥḏ)HebenuKom el Ahmarkraj Antilopy
17
Nome 17 of Upper-Egypt.png
Anpu (jnpwt)Saka (Cynopolis)al-Kaiskraj Boha Anupa
18
Nome 18 of Upper-Egypt.png
Dun-nu (dwn...) nebo Nemty (nmtj)Hutnesut (Alabastronopolis), Teudjoiel-Hibakraj Sokola s rozepjatými křídly
19
Nome 19 of Upper-Egypt.png
Uabui (wȝbwj)Per-Medjed (Oxyrhynchus)el-Bahnasakraj Žezla
20
Nome 20 of Upper-Egypt.png
Naret-Chentet (nˁrt ḫntt) nebo Atef-ChentHenen-nesut (Herakleopolis Magna)Ihnasiyyah al-MadinahHorní kraj Granátovníku (Vavřínu)
21
Nome 21 of Upper-Egypt.png
Naret-Pehtet (nˁrt pḥtt) nebo Atef-PehuShenakhen, Semenuhor (Crocodilopolis)FajjúmDolní kraj Granátovníku (Vavřínu)
22
Nome 22 of Upper-Egypt.png
Mednit (mdnjt) nebo MatenTepihu (Aphroditopolis)Atfihkraj Nože (Škrabadla)

Reference

  1. tabulky samotné jsou převzaté z anglické Wikipedie, české názvy nomů uvedeny podle ZAMAROVSKÝ V.: Bohové a králové starého Egypta, Brána, Praha 2003, 360 s., ISBN 80-7243-194-3

Externí odkazy

přehledné mapy Egypta s vyobrazením všech nomů:

Média použitá na této stránce

Nome 9 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 9th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 15 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 15th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 4 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 4th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 10 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the tenth nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 20 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 20th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 18 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 18th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 6 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 6th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 16 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 16th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 1 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 1st nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Aa100.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Nome 14 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 14th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 14 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 14th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 3 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the third nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 11 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 11th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 19 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 19th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 12 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 12th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIM
Nome 9 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the ninth nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 10 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 10th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 19 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 19th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 11 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 11th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 13 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 13th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 15 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 15th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 18 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 18th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 5 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the fifth nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 17 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 17th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 20 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 20th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 3 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 3rd nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 12 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 12th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-T64C.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Nome 13 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 13th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 21 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 21th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 2 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 2nd nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 6 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the sixt nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 8 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the eitght nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 2 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the second nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 1 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the first nomos of Upper-Egypt. The sign reads as Ta-seti or "land of the bows" This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 4 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the fourth nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Nome 7 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 7th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 22 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 22th nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-K17A.png
Hieroglyph K17A from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Nome 8 of Lower-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the 8th nomos of Lower-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP.
Nome 7 of Upper-Egypt.png
Autor: Oesermaatra0069, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
This ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic sign is the seventh nomos of Upper-Egypt. This sign was made with JSesh https://jsesh.qenherkhopeshef.org/. And then imported in The GIMP .