Orion (raketový stupeň)
Orion je série amerických raketových stupňů na tuhá paliva. Byly vyvinuty a vyráběny firmou Alliant Techsystems (nyní Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems). Původně byly vyvinuty pro první tři stupně rakety Pegasus, která vzlétla poprvé v roce 1990. Orion je dostupný v několika konfiguracích pro různé účely. Všechny stupně v této rodině používají jako palivo mix QDL-1, HTPB a 19 % hliníku s výjimkou vyvíjeného Orion 32, který použije QDL-2, HTPB a 20 % hliníku.[1]
Verze
| Stupeň | Orion 38 | Orion 50 (50T) | Orion 50S | Orion 50S XL | Orion 50ST | Orion 50S XLT | Orion 50S XLG | Orion 50 XL (50 XLT) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Průměr | 96,5 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm | 127 cm |
| Délka | 134 cm | 266,7 cm | 886,5 cm | 1026 cm | 845,8 cm | 988 cm | 945 cm | 310 cm |
| Plná hmotnost | 892 kg | 3369 kg | 13 405 kg | 16 173 kg | 13 405 kg | 16 181 kg | 16 202 kg | 4318 kg |
| Prázdná hmotnost | 110 kg | 324 kg | 952 kg | 1092 kg | 952 kg | 1092 kg | 1114 kg | 374 kg |
| Doba hoření (sekundy) | 67,7 | 75,6 | 75,3 | 69,1 | 75 | 68,4 | 68.4 | 69,7 |
| Použit na | třetích stupních Pegasus, Pegasus XL, Antares, Minotaur-C, čtvrtých stupních Minotaur I a Minotaur IV | druhém stupni Pegasus | prvním stupni Pegasus | prvním stupni Pegasus XL | prvním stupni Minotaur-C | prvním stupni Taurus XL | prvním stupni Taurus Lite | třetím stupni Minotaur, druhém stupni Pegasus XL, Taurus Lite a Taurus XL |
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Orion (rocket stage) na anglické Wikipedii.
- ↑ Archivovaná kopie. www.northropgrumman.com [online]. [cit. 2019-02-05]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2019-02-07.
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A close-up view of the Pegasus space-booster attached to the wing pylon of NASA’s B-52 launch aircraft at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California. The Pegasus rocket booster was designed as a way to get small payloads into space orbit more easily and cost-effectively. It has also been used to gather data on hypersonic flight.
Pegasus is an air-launched space booster produced by Orbital Sciences Corporation and Hercules Aerospace Company (initially; later, Alliant Tech Systems) to provide small satellite users with a cost-effective, flexible, and reliable method for placing payloads into low earth orbit.
Pegasus has been used to launch a number of satellites and the PHYSX experiment. That experiment consisted of a smooth glove installed on the first-stage delta wing of the Pegasus. The glove was used to gather data at speeds of up to Mach 8 and at altitudes approaching 200,000 feet. The flight took place on October 22, 1998.
The PHYSX experiment focused on determining where boundary-layer transition occurs on the glove and on identifying the flow mechanism causing transition over the glove. Data from this flight-research effort included temperature, heat transfer, pressure measurements, airflow, and trajectory reconstruction. Hypersonic flight-research programs are an approach to validate design methods for hypersonic vehicles (those that fly more than five times the speed of sound, or Mach 5).
Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, provided overall management of the glove experiment, glove design, and buildup. Dryden also was responsible for conducting the flight tests. Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, was responsible for the design of the aerodynamic glove as well as development of sensor and instrumentation systems for the glove. Other participating NASA centers included Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California; Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; and Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Orbital Sciences Corporation, Dulles, Virginia, is the manufacturer of the Pegasus vehicle, while Vandenberg Air Force Base served as a pre-launch assembly facility for the launch that included the PHYSX experiment.
NASA used data from Pegasus launches to obtain considerable data on aerodynamics. By conducting experiments in a piggyback mode on Pegasus, some critical and secondary design and development issues were addressed at hypersonic speeds. The vehicle was also used to develop hypersonic flight instrumentation and test techniques.
NASA's B-52 carrier-launch vehicle was used to get the Pegasus airborne during six launches from 1990 to 1994. Thereafter, an Orbital Sciences L-1011 aircraft launched the Pegasus. The Pegasus launch vehicle itself has a 400- to 600-pound payload capacity in a 61-cubic-foot payload space at the front of the vehicle. The vehicle is capable of placing a payload into low earth orbit. This vehicle is 49 feet long and 50 inches in diameter. It has a wing span of 22 feet. (There is also a Pegasus XL vehicle that was introduced in 1994. Dryden has never launched one of these vehicles, but they have greater thrust and are 56 feet long.)