Peršané
| Peršané "فارسیزبانان" "Fārsi Zabānān" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Populace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| c. 52 milionů[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Írán | 49 312 834 (61–65% celkové populace)[2][3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Spojené arabské emiráty | 238 250[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Rusko | 170 000[5][6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 USA | 331 000[7][8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Německo | 200 000[9][10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Kanada | 173 760[11][12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jazyk(y) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| perština, tádžičtina a další podobné Íránské jazyky | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Náboženství | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ší'itský islám, Sunnitský islám, Zoroastrismus, Judaismus, Baháí, Křesťanství | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Příbuzné národy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ostatní íránské národy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Peršané byli původně západoíránské etnikum v oblasti severně od Perského zálivu, v tzv. Persidě (dnešní íránská provincie Fárs). Dnes se tímto pojmem označují lidé íránského původu hovořící perštinou (fársí) a žijící v Íránu. Ve střední Asii hovoří mimoto persky Tádžikové, v Afghánistánu je variantou perštiny darí. Arabové nazývají Peršany výrazem Adžam, což znamená Nearabové. V průběhu dějin převzali Peršané mnohé prvky od Arabů a Turků, aniž by tím ovšem jejich identita byla dotčena.
Historie
V historických pramenech jsou Peršané poprvé zmíněni asi roku 844 př. n. l. jako obyvatelé země Parsua, lokalizované poblíž Urmijského jezera. Odtud se přesunuli do dnešního Fársu a kolem roku 700 př. n. l. se zde etablovali jako dominantní etnikum. Zůstali však závislí na Médech a Asýrii. Teprve Kýros II. z dynastie Achaimenovců položil v 6. století př. n. l. základy samostatné mocné říše.
Nábožensky jsou dnešní Peršané šíitskými muslimy, vzácně sunnity, zarathuštrovci, vyznavači bahá’í či křesťany. Peršané tvoří zhruba 50 % obyvatel Íránu a jsou nejdůležitější národnostní skupinou v tomto rozlehlém státě – politicky i kulturně.
Odkazy
Reference
- ↑ Persian, Iranian [online]. [cit. 2018-12-11]. Dostupné online. Total Iranian Persian users in all countries.
- ↑ Iran — The World Factbook [online]. [cit. 2013-05-13]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ Country Profile: Iran [online]. May 2008 [cit. 2019-04-30]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ United Arab Emirates: Demography [online]. Encyclopædia Britannica Online [cit. 2008-03-15]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ The Persian Diaspora, List of Persians and Persian Speaking Peoples living outside of Iran, Worldwide Outreach to Persians, Outreach to Muslims around the Globe [online]. Farsinet.com [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ 2002 Russian census [online]. Perepis2002.ru [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ Iranian-American stats, Phyllis McIntosh [online]. The Iranian [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan in the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005), Of which 65% are estimated to be Tajiks. United States Census Bureau. US demographic census [online]. [cit. 2008-01-23]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2020-02-12. Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups" Archivováno 4. 5. 2011 na Wayback Machine. The Afghans – their history and culture Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., OCLC 56081073.
- ↑ Persian World Outreach – ''Persian-speaking people outside of Iran'' [online]. Persianwo.org [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2009-10-30.
- ↑ GTZ: Migration and development – Afghans in Germany Archivováno 27. 9. 2007 na Wayback Machine.: estimate for Tajiks based on total of 100,000 Afghans in Germany.
- ↑ ''2006 Canadian Census'' [online]. 2.statcan.ca [cit. 2012-06-10]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2015-10-16.
- ↑ This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 33% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada Archivováno 23. 7. 2013 na Wayback Machine..
Související články
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Peršané na Wikimedia Commons 
Slovníkové heslo Peršan ve Wikislovníku
Média použitá na této stránce
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Flag of Iran. The tricolor flag was introduced in 1906, but after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 the Arabic words 'Allahu akbar' ('God is great'), written in the Kufic script of the Qur'an and repeated 22 times, were added to the red and green strips where they border the white central strip and in the middle is the emblem of Iran (which is a stylized Persian alphabet of the Arabic word Allah ("God")).
The official ISIRI standard (translation at FotW) gives two slightly different methods of construction for the flag: a compass-and-straightedge construction used for File:Flag of Iran (official).svg, and a "simplified" construction sheet with rational numbers used for this file.
Flag of Iran. The tricolor flag was introduced in 1906, but after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 the Arabic words 'Allahu akbar' ('God is great'), written in the Kufic script of the Qur'an and repeated 22 times, were added to the red and green strips where they border the white central strip and in the middle is the emblem of Iran (which is a stylized Persian alphabet of the Arabic word Allah ("God")).
The official ISIRI standard (translation at FotW) gives two slightly different methods of construction for the flag: a compass-and-straightedge construction used for File:Flag of Iran (official).svg, and a "simplified" construction sheet with rational numbers used for this file.
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Old flag of Russia from the Tsarist era. This variant is still used today.
Old flag of Russia from the Tsarist era. This variant is still used today.
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Flag of Canada introduced in 1965, using Pantone colors. This design replaced the Canadian Red Ensign design.
Flag of Canada introduced in 1965, using Pantone colors. This design replaced the Canadian Red Ensign design.
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Stamp issued in 1976 by Iran picturing Nasir al-Din Tusi, astronomer
Stamp issued in 1976 by Iran picturing Nasir al-Din Tusi, astronomer
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1983 CPA 5426 (1).png
en:Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī. (He is on a en:Soviet Union en:commemorative stamp, issued September 6, 1983. The stamp bears his name and says "1200 years", referring to the approximate anniversary of his birth)
en:Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī. (He is on a en:Soviet Union en:commemorative stamp, issued September 6, 1983. The stamp bears his name and says "1200 years", referring to the approximate anniversary of his birth)
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Autor: Neznámý, Licence: FAL
Аль-Бируни был современником Авмценны. Во время индийских походов своего покровителя - султана Махмуда Газневи - он отобрал труды индийских учёных и изложил их в своих сочинениях. Таким образом, арабская наука стала мостом между Индией и Европой.
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Аль-Бируни был современником Авмценны. Во время индийских походов своего покровителя - султана Махмуда Газневи - он отобрал труды индийских учёных и изложил их в своих сочинениях. Таким образом, арабская наука стала мостом между Индией и Европой.
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An old man with a long white beard and Persian headdress reads by the light of a large candle.
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Part of a sardonyx cameo of Shapur I with the background removed. In the original, Sharpur is grabbing Emperor Valerian by the wrist while both are mounted on horses. Circa 260 AD.
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Part of a sardonyx cameo of Shapur I with the background removed. In the original, Sharpur is grabbing Emperor Valerian by the wrist while both are mounted on horses. Circa 260 AD.
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Cyrus the great monument at Sydney Olympic Park
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Marjane Satrapi during a premiere of her film Persepolis
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Marjane Satrapi during a premiere of her film Persepolis
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The alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, from a 15th century European portrait of Geber, Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166
The alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, from a 15th century European portrait of Geber, Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166
Al-RaziInGerardusCremonensis1250.JPG
European depiction of the Persian (Iranian) doctor Al-Razi, in Gerardus Cremonensis "Recueil des traités de médecine" 1250-1260. A surgeon (left) holds the matula, a vessel for collecting the urine.
European depiction of the Persian (Iranian) doctor Al-Razi, in Gerardus Cremonensis "Recueil des traités de médecine" 1250-1260. A surgeon (left) holds the matula, a vessel for collecting the urine.
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Illustration of Al Ghazzali on cover of The Alchemy of Happiness.
Illustration of Al Ghazzali on cover of The Alchemy of Happiness.
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(c) Georges Biard, CC BY-SA 3.0
Leila Hatami au festival de Deauville
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Leila Hatami au festival de Deauville
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سکهٔ اردشیر بابکان
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Life of Zoroaster, founder of Zoroastrianism.
Life of Zoroaster, founder of Zoroastrianism.
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Hafez, detail of an illumination in a Persian manuscript of the Divan of Hafez, 18th century; in the British Library, London.
Hafez, detail of an illumination in a Persian manuscript of the Divan of Hafez, 18th century; in the British Library, London.
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Mani (prophet).
Mani (prophet).
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Abbas Kiarostami, 65th Venice Film Festival
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Cropped portrait of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) from a Tadjik banknote
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Cropped portrait of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) from a Tadjik banknote