Seznam planetárních mlhovin

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Ngc 2440.jpg
NGC 2440 is another planetary nebula ejected by a dying star, but it has a much more chaotic structure than NGC 2346. The central star of NGC 2440 is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature near 200000 degrees Celsius. The complex structure of the surrounding nebula suggests to some astronomers that there have been periodic oppositely directed outflows from the central star, somewhat similar to that in NGC 2346, but in the case of NGC 2440 these outflows have been episodic, and in different directions during each episode. The nebula is also rich in clouds of dust, some of which form long, dark streaks pointing away from the central star. In addition to the bright nebula, which glows because of fluorescence due to ultraviolet radiation from the hot star, NGC 2440 is surrounded by a much larger cloud of cooler gas which is invisible in ordinary light but can be detected with infrared telescopes. NGC 2440 lies about 4000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Puppis.
N246s.jpg
Autor: Credit Line and Copyright Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 us
NGC 246

Picture Details: 

   Optics            32-inch Schulman Telescope (RC Optical Systems)
   Camera            SBIG STX and STL CCD Cameras
   Filters           AstroDon Gen II
   Dates             October 20th - 23rd 2011
   Location          Mount Lemmon SkyCenter
   Exposure          RGB = 140:140:140 minutes
   Acquisition       ACP Observatory Control Software (DC-3 Dreams),TheSky (Software Bisque), Maxim DL/CCD (Cyanogen)
   Processing        CCDStack (CCDWare), Photoshop CS5 (Adobe)
   Guest Astronomers:                   Participants of the "Astrophotography with Adam" program 10/20/2011
Credit Line and Copyright Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona
Egg Nebula.jpg
Resembling a rippling pool illuminated by underwater lights, the Egg Nebula (CRL 2688) offers astronomers a special look at the normally invisible dust shells swaddling an aging star. These dust layers, extending over one-tenth of a light-year from the star, have an onionskin structure that forms concentric rings around the star. A thicker dust belt, running almost vertically through the image, blocks off light from the central star. Twin beams of light radiate from the hidden star and illuminate the pitch-black dust, like a shining flashlight in a smoky room.

The artificial "Easter-Egg" colors in this image are used to dissect how the light reflects off the smoke-sized dust particles and then heads toward Earth.

Dust in our atmosphere reflects sunlight such that only light waves vibrating in a certain orientation get reflected toward us. This is also true for reflections off water or roadways. Polarizing sunglasses take advantage of this effect to block out all reflections, except those that align to the polarizing filter material. It's a bit like sliding a sheet of paper under a door. The paper must be parallel to the floor to pass under the door.

Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys has polarizing filters that accept light that vibrates at select angles. In this composite image, the light from one of the polarizing filters has been colored red and only admits light from about one-third of the nebula. Another polarizing filter accepts light reflected from a different swath of the nebula. This light is colored blue. Light from the final third of the nebula is from a third polarizing filter and is colored green. Some of the inner regions of the nebula appear whitish because the dust is thicker and the light is scattered many times in random directions before reaching us. (Likewise, polarizing sunglasses are less effective if the sky is very dusty).

By studying polarized light from the Egg Nebula, scientists can tell a lot about the physical properties of the material responsible for the scattering, as well as the precise location of the central (hidden) star. The fine dust is largely carbon, manufactured by nuclear fusion in the heart of the star and then ejected into space as the star sheds material. Such dust grains are essential ingredients for building dusty disks around future generations of young stars, and possibly in the formation of planets around those stars.

The Egg Nebula is located 3,000 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. This image was taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys in September and October 2002.
N2438s-crop.jpg
Autor: Credit Line and Copyright Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 us
NGC 2438 and the Calabash Nebula

Picture Details: 

   Optics            32-inch Schulman Telescope (RC Optical Systems), Acquired remotely
   Camera            SBIG STX 16803 CCD Camera
   Filters           AstroDon Gen II
   Dates             December 2012 - January 2013
   Location          Mount Lemmon SkyCenter
   Exposure          HaLRGB = 15:4:4:4 hours
   Acquisition       ACP Observatory Control Software (DC-3 Dreams),TheSky (Software Bisque), Maxim DL/CCD (Cyanogen), FlatMan XL (Alnitak)
   Processing        CCDStack (CCDWare), Photoshop CS5 (Adobe), PixInsight 
   Credit Line and Copyright        
                     Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona 
   Crop:             Fabian RRRR (talk) 13:58, 19 May 2013 (UTC)
.
NGC 7009 Hubble.jpg
NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula) Planetary Nebula; Hubble Space Telescope
MyCn18-crop.png
The Engraved Hourglass Nebula (MyCn18) is a young planetary nebula located about 8,000 light years away. This artificially colorized image was taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
Littleghostnebula.jpg
Planetary nebula
M57 The Ring Nebula.JPG
السديم الحلقي، سديم كوكبي مشابه لما ستصبح عليه الشمس.
NGC 6572.jpg
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has turned its eagle eye to the planetary nebula NGC 6572, a very bright example of these strange but beautiful objects. Planetary nebulae are created during the late stages of the evolution of certain stars that eject gas into space and emit intense ultraviolet radiation that makes the material glow. This picture of NGC 6572 shows the intricate shapes that can develop as stars exhale their last breaths. Hubble has even imaged the central white dwarf star, the origin of the dazzling nebula, but now a faint, but hot, vestige of its former glory.

NGC 6572 only began to shed its gases a few thousand years ago, so it is a fairly young planetary nebula. As a result the material is still quite concentrated, which explains why it is abnormally bright. The envelope of gas is currently racing out into space at a speed of around 15 kilometres every second and as it becomes more diffuse, it will dim.

NGC 6572 was discovered in 1825 by the German astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, who came from a family of distinguished stargazers. The name planetary nebula is left over from the time when the telescopes of early astronomers were not good enough to reveal the true nature of these objects. To many, the discs looked like the outer planets Uranus and Neptune. The application of spectral analysis, later in the 19th century, first revealed that they were glowing gas clouds.

NGC 6572 is magnitude 8.1, easily bright enough to make it an appealing target for amateur astronomers with telescopes. It is located within the large constellation of Ophiuchus (the Serpent Bearer) and at low magnification it will appear to be just a coloured star, but higher magnification will reveal its shape. Some observers report that NGC 6572 looks blue, while others state that it is green. Colour as seen through the eyepiece is often a matter of interpretation, so you may make your own decision!

This picture was created from images taken with Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 2. Images through a blue filter that isolates the glow from hydrogen gas (Hβ, F487N, coloured dark blue), a green filter that isolates emission from ionised oxygen (F502N, coloured blue), a yellow broadband filter (F555W, coloured green) and a red filter that passes emission from hydrogen (Hα, F656N) have been combined. The exposure times were 360 s, 240 s, 100 s and 180 s, respectively and the field of view is just 29 arcseconds across.
NGC 3132.jpg
NGC 3132 is a striking example of a planetary nebula. This expanding cloud of gas, surrounding a dying star, is known to amateur astronomers in the southern hemisphere as the Eight-Burst or the Southern Ring nebula.
Retinanebel.jpg
The Hubble telescope reveals a rainbow of colors in this dying star, called IC 4406. Like many other so-called planetary nebulae, IC 4406 exhibits a high degree of symmetry. The nebula's left and right halves are nearly mirror images of the other. If we could fly around IC 4406 in a spaceship, we would see that the gas and dust form a vast donut of material streaming outward from the dying star. We don't see the donut shape in this photograph because we are viewing IC 4406 from the Earth-orbiting Hubble telescope. From this vantage point, we are seeing the side of the donut. This side view allows us to see the intricate tendrils of material that have been compared to the eye's retina. In fact, IC 4406 is dubbed the "Retina Nebula."
NGC 7027.jpg
Autor: Judy Schmidt, Licence: CC BY 2.0

Inspired by <a href="http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130826.html" rel="nofollow">today's APOD</a>, I couldn't help but try my own processing of this nebula.

Red Channel: HST_7365_01_NIC_NIC2_F160W_sci & HST_7365_01_NIC_NIC2_F212N_sci Green Channel: hst_06119_45_wfpc2_f814w_pc_sci

Blue Channel: hst_06119_45_wfpc2_f555w_pc_sci
Stingraynebula.jpg
This Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 image captures the infancy of the Stingray nebula (Hen-1357), the youngest known planetary nebula.In this image, the bright central star is in the middle of the green ring of gas. Its companion star is diagonally above it at 10 o'clock.

A spur of gas (green) is forming a faint bridge to the companion star due to gravitational attraction. The image also shows a ring of gas (green) surrounding the central star, with bubbles of gas to the lower left and upper right of the ring. The wind of material propelled by radiation from the hot central star has created enough pressure to blow open holes in the ends of the bubbles, allowing gas to escape. The red curved lines represent bright gas that is heated by a "shock" caused when the central star's wind hits the walls of the bubbles.

The nebula is as large as 130 solar systems, but, at its distance of 18,000 light-years, it appears only as big as a dime viewed a mile away. The Stingray is located in the direction of the southern constellation Ara (the Altar).

The colors shown are actual colors emitted by nitrogen (red), oxygen (green), and hydrogen (blue).
Menzel 1 - EFOSC.2003-02-04T08 59 53.985.png
Autor: Fabian RRRR (talk) 21:54, 7 June 2012 (UTC), Licence: CC BY 4.0
Based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 70.D-0370(A)
NGC 2359.jpg
Autor: Martin Rusterholz in CXIELO, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
NGC 2359, lies in the constellation of Canis Major (The Great Dog). The helmet-shaped nebula is around 15 000 light-years away from Earth and is over 30 light-years across. The helmet is a cosmic bubble, blown as the wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's centre sweeps through the surrounding molecular cloud.
M97.jpg
M97(NGC 3587) Planetary nebula in Ursa Major 11H49',+55°1')

The planetary nebula Owl Nebula in Ursa Major is regarded as a very nice object. The 16th magnitude central star illuminate the clouds and carve two holes like eyes.

60'Luminance - 30'RGB - Bin2X2 - STL11K - C14
Ant Nebula.jpg

The Ant planetary nebula (Menzel 3 or Mz 3). STScI-PRC2001-05

This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image reveals the ant's body as a pair of fiery lobes protruding from a dying, Sun-like star. Though approaching the violence of an explosion, the ejection of gas from the dying star at the center of Mz3 has intriguing symmetrical patterns unlike the chaotic patterns expected from an ordinary explosion. Scientists using the Hubble space telescope would like to understand how a spherical star can produce such prominent, non-spherical symmetries in the gas that it ejects.

One possibility is that the central star of Mz3 has a closely orbiting companion that exerts strong gravitational tidal forces, which shape the outflowing gas. For this to work, the orbiting companion star would have to be close to the dying star, about the distance of the Earth from the Sun. At that distance the orbiting companion star wouldn't be far outside the hugely bloated hulk of the dying star. It's even possible that the dying star has consumed its companion, which now orbits inside of it, much like the duck in the wolf's belly in the story "Peter and the Wolf."

A second possibility is that, as the dying star spins, its strong magnetic fields are wound up into complex shapes. Charged winds moving at speeds up to 1000 kilometers per second from the star, are able to follow the twisted field lines on their way out into space. These dense winds can be rendered visible by ultraviolet light from the hot central star or from highly supersonic collisions with the ambient gas that excites the material into florescence.

Astronomers Bruce Balick (University of Washington) and Vincent Icke (Leiden University) used Hubble to observe this planetary nebula, Mz3, in July 1997 with the Wide Field Planetary 2 camera. One year later, astronomers Raghvendra Sahai and John Trauger of the Jet Propulsion Lab in California snapped pictures of Mz3 using slightly different filters. This intriguing image, which is a composite of several filters from each of the two datasets, was created by the Hubble Heritage Team.
Spirograph Nebula - Hubble 1999.jpg
The Spirograph Nebula (IC 418), photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.
Ngc3195.jpg
Planetary Nebula NGC 3195
Potw1012a.jpg
Autor: ESO, Licence: CC BY 4.0
NGC 5189 is a planetary nebula with an oriental twist. Similar in appearance to a Chinese dragon, these red and green cosmic fireworks are the last swansong of a dying star.

At the end of its life, a star with a mass less than eight times that of the Sun will blow its outer layers away, giving rise to a planetary nebula. Some of these stellar puffballs are almost round, resembling huge soap bubbles or giant planets (hence the name), but others, such as NGC 5189 are more intricate.

In particular, this planetary nebula exhibits a curious “S”-shaped profile, with a central bar that is most likely the projection of an inner ring of gas discharged by the star, seen edge on. The details of the physical processes producing such a complex symmetry from a simple, spherical star are still the object of astronomical controversy. One possibility is that the star has a very close (but unseen) companion. Over time the orbits drift due to precession and this could result in the complex curves on the opposite sides of the star visible in this image.

This image has been taken with the New Technology Telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile, using the now decommissioned EMMI instrument. It is a combination of exposures taken through different narrowband filters, each designed to catch only the light coming from the glow of a given chemical element, namely hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Credit: ESO

Id: potw1012a Release Date: Mar 22, 2010, 08:21 CET

Size: 963 x 963 px
M27 - Dumbbell Nebula.jpg
Autor: ESO, Licence: CC BY 4.0
The Dumbbell Nebula

The Dumbbell Nebula ­— also known as Messier 27 or NGC 6853 — is a typical planetary nebula and is located in the constellation Vulpecula (The Fox). The distance is rather uncertain, but is believed to be around 1,200 light-years. It was first described by the French astronomer and comet hunter Charles Messier who found it in 1764 and included it as no. 27 in his famous list of extended sky objects [2] .Despite its class, the Dumbbell Nebula has nothing to do with planets. It consists of very rarified gas that has been ejected from the hot central star (well visible on this photo), now in one of the last evolutionary stages. The gas atoms in the nebula are excited (heated) by the intense ultraviolet radiation from this star and emit strongly at specific wavelengths.

This image is the beautiful by-product of a technical test of some FORS1 narrow-band optical interference filtres. They only allow light in a small wavelength range to pass and are used to isolate emissions from particular atoms and ions. In this three-colour composite, a short exposure was first made through a wide-band filtre registering blue light from the nebula. It was then combined with exposures through two interference filtres in the light of double-ionized oxygen atoms and atomic hydrogen. They were colour-coded as “blue”, “green” and “red”, respectively, and then combined to produce this picture that shows the structure of the nebula in “approximately true” colours.

They are three-colour composite based on two interference ([OIII] at 501 nm and 6 nm FWHM — 5 min exposure time; H-alpha at 656 nm and 6 nm FWHM — 5 min) and one broadband (Bessell B at 429 nm and 88 nm FWHM; 30 sec) filtre images, obtained on September 28, 1998, during mediocre seeing conditions (0.8 arcsec). The CCD camera has 2048 x 2048 pixels, each covering 24 x 24 µm and the sky fields shown measure 6.8 x 6.8 arcminutes and 3.5 x 3.9 arcminutes, respectively. North is up; East is left.

Credit:

ESO/I. Appenzeller, W. Seifert, O. Stahl, M. Zamani 

Coordinates
Position (RA):  	19 59 36.41
Position (Dec): 	22° 43' 16.00"
Field of view:  	6.76 x 6.82 arcminutes
Orientation:    	North is 0.0° left of vertical

Colours & filters
Band            	Wavelength	Telescope
Optical u       	361 nm   	Very Large Telescope FORS1
Optical B       	429 nm   	Very Large Telescope FORS1
Optical Oiii    	501 nm   	Very Large Telescope FORS1
Optical HeII    	472 nm   	Very Large Telescope FORS1
Optical R       	655 nm   	Very Large Telescope FORS1
Optical H-alpha 	656 nm   g	Very Large Telescope FORS1
.
NGC6543.jpg
X-ray/optical composite image of NGC 6543, the Cat's Eye Nebula (X-ray: NASA/UIUC/Y.Chu et al., Optical: NASA/HST).

Optical image: Wide Field Planetary Camera-2, composite image of three images taken at different wavelengths:

  • red, hydrogen-alpha, 656.28 nm;
  • blue, neutral oxygen, 630 nm;
  • green, ionized nitrogen, 658.4 nm.
Ngc2392.jpg
Eskimo nebula (NGC 2392). In its first glimpse of the heavens following the successful December 1999 servicing mission, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captured a majestic view of a planetary nebula, the glowing remains of a dying, Sun-like star. This stellar relic, first spied by William Herschel in 1787, is nicknamed the "Eskimo" Nebula (NGC 2392) because, when viewed through ground-based telescopes, it resembles a face surrounded by a fur parka.

In this Hubble telescope image, the "parka" is really a disk of material embellished with a ring of comet-shaped objects, with their tails streaming away from the central, dying star. The Eskimo's "face" also contains some fascinating details. Although this bright central region resembles a ball of twine, it is, in reality, a bubble of material being blown into space by the central star's intense "wind" of high-speed material.

In this photo, one bubble lies in front of the other, obscuring part of the second lobe. Scientists believe that a ring of dense material around the star's equator, ejected during its red giant phase, created the nebula's shape. The bubbles are not smooth like balloons but have filaments of denser matter. Each bubble is about 1 light-year long and about half a light-year wide.

Scientists are still puzzled about the origin of the comet-shaped features in the "parka." One possible explanation is that these objects formed from a collision of slow-and fast-moving gases.

The Eskimo Nebula is more than 2,870 light-years from Earth in the constellation Gemini. The picture was taken Jan. 10 and 11, 2000, with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. The nebula's glowing gases produce the colors in this image: nitrogen (red), hydrogen (green), oxygen (blue), and helium (violet).
IC 3568 "Lemon Slice".jpg
Autor: Judy Schmidt, Licence: CC BY 2.0

Do perfection and simplicity belong together in a harmonious marriage? IC 3568 is the planetary nebula representation of this idea. The simplicity of its form begets the perfection of its spherical shape.

I'm not sure when it gained the name Lemon Slice Nebula but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IC3568.jpg" rel="nofollow">most common image of this nebula</a> is processed to look fluorescent lime green so that may have had something to do with it. Mine is blue to more closely match the processing I've done with the others. Keeping the OIII emissions (which this one shines so brightly in) solely in the blue channel leaves it a bit dark though so I let it spread to the green channel a little as well to brighten the image.

Red: hst_06119_50_wfpc2_f814w_pc_sci + hst_08390_15_wfpc2_f658n_pc_sci Green: hst_08390_15_wfpc2_f555w_pc_sci Blue: hst_08390_15_wfpc2_f502n_pc_sci

North is up.
NGC6751.jpg
Glowing Eye of Planetary Nebula NGC 6751
NGC 0040 2MASS.jpg
Planetary nebula NGC 40
NGC7293 (2004).jpg
The Helix Nebula: a Gaseous Envelope Expelled By a Dying Star
About the Object
  • Object Name: Helix Nebula, NGC 7293 or "The Eye of God"
  • Object Description: Planetary Nebula
  • Position (J2000): R.A. 22h 29m 48.20s
Dec. -20° 49' 26.0"
  • Constellation: Aquarius
  • Distance: About 690 light-years (213 parsecs)
  • Dimensions: The image is roughly 28.7 arcminutes (5.6 light-years or 1.7 parsecs) across.
About the Data
  • Instruments: ACS/WFC on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Mosaic II Camera on CTIO 4m telescope
  • Exposure Time: 4.5 hours (HST) and 10 minutes (CTIO)
  • Filters: F502N ([O III]) and F658N (Ha) (for the HST); c6009 (H alpha)and kc6014 ([O III]) for the CTIO
Image properties
  • Centered on white dwarfed and cropped
  • Downsampled to 3200x3200
  • Saved as jpg, quality 8/10, 5 scans
  • Stitching errors manually fixed