Sharplessův katalog
Sharplessův katalog je astronomický katalog 313 oblastí HII (tedy emisních mlhovin), který byl zamýšlen jako ucelený souhrn těchto objektů severně od deklinace −27°. Navíc obsahuje i několik mlhovin jižně od této deklinace. První vydání obsahující 142 objektů zveřejnil americký astronom Stewart Sharpless v roce 1953 (označovaly se Sh1) a druhé závěrečné vydání s 313 objekty zveřejnil v roce 1959.[1] Katalog obsahuje kromě oblastí HII také několik planetárních mlhovin a pozůstatků supernov.[2]
V roce 1953 se Stewart Sharpless stal pracovníkem astronomické observatoře United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station v Arizoně,[3] kde na snímcích z přehlídky oblohy s názvem Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) soustavně zkoumal a sepisoval oblasti HII v Mléčné dráze. Na základě tohoto průzkumu sestavil svůj katalog, který vyšel ve dvou vydáních: první vyšlo v roce 1953 a obsahovalo 142 mlhovin,[4] druhé pak vyšlo v roce 1959 a zahrnovalo 313 mlhovin.[1]
Souřadnice objektů v katalogu se opírají o katalogy Bonner Durchmusterung (BD) a Cordoba Durchmusterung (CD), ale přestože byly souřadnice ve druhém vydání přepočteny na jednotné ekvinokcium 1900, nevzal Sharpless v potaz časovou prodlevu mezi vznikem obou zdrojových katalogů a souřadnice mnoha jižních mlhovin tak obsahují významnou odchylku přesahující jednu úhlovou minutu.[2] Tuto chybu z katalogu odstranili Leo Blitz, Michel Fich a Antony Stark v roce 1982.[2][5] Zároveň z katalogu odstranili planetární mlhoviny a pozůstatky supernov a přidali další objevené oblasti HII.[2][5]
Některé z položek Sharplessova katalogu se vyskytují i v Messierově katalogu, NGC katalogu, Caldwellově katalogu nebo RCW katalogu. Ze stejné doby pochází i Gumův katalog a RCW katalog, ale ty se zabývaly převážně objekty na jižní obloze.
Příklady
Následující tabulka ukazuje příklad objektů z druhého vydání Sharplessova katalogu (1959). Kliknutím na náhled obrázku se zobrazí větší obrázek a původ obrázku (většinou různí amatérští fotografové nebo ESO, ESA či NASA).
Sh2 číslo | Běžné jméno | Obrázek | Další jména a poznámky |
---|---|---|---|
6 | NGC 6302 | ![]() | Sh2-6, NGC 6302, Bug Nebula, PK 349+01 1, Butterfly Nebula, RCW 124, Gum 60, Caldwell 69 |
8 | NGC 6334 | ![]() | Sh2-8, NGC 6334, ESO 392-EN 009, RCW 127, Gum 64 |
11 | NGC 6357 | ![]() | Sh2-11, NGC 6357, RCW 131, Gum 66, mlhovina Válka a mír |
25 | Mlhovina Laguna | ![]() | Sh2-25, Messier 8, RCW 146, Gum 72 |
29 | Sh2-29 | ![]() | Sh2-29 |
30 | Mlhovina Trifid | ![]() | Sh2-30, M20, NGC 6514, RCW 147, Gum 76 |
45 | Mlhovina Omega | ![]() | Sh2-45, M17, NGC 6618, Swan Nebula, Omega Nebula, RCW 160, Gum 81 |
49 | Orlí mlhovina | ![]() | Sh2-49, M16, NGC 6611, RCW 165, Gum 83 |
64 | Westerhout 40 (W 40) | ![]() | Sh2-64, RCW 174 |
101 | Sh2-101 | ![]() | Sh2-101, Tulip Nebula |
105 | NGC 6888 | ![]() | Sh2-105, NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Crescent Nebula |
106 | Sh2-106 | (c) NASA & ESA, CC BY 4.0 | Sh2-106, Celestial Snow Angel |
117 | Mlhovina Severní Amerika | ![]() | Sh2-117, NGC 7000, Caldwell 20 |
125 | Mlhovina Kokon | ![]() | Sh2-125, IC 5146, Caldwell 19 |
140 | Sh2-140 | ![]() | Sh2-140 |
155 | Sh2-155 | ![]() | Sh2-155, Caldwell 9, Cave Nebula |
162 | NGC 7635 | ![]() | Sh2-162, NGC 7635, Bubble nebula |
184 | NGC 281 | ![]() | Sh2-184, NGC 281, IC 11 |
190 | Mlhovina Srdce | ![]() | Sh2-190, IC 1805 |
191 | Maffei I | ![]() | Sh2-191, Maffei 1, PGC 9892 |
197 | Maffei II | ![]() | Sh2-197, Maffei 2, UGCA 39,[6]PGC 10217,[6] |
199 | Mlhovina Duše | ![]() | Sh2-199, LBN 667, Soul Nebula, IC 1848 (pouze hvězdokupa) |
220 | Mlhovina Kalifornie | ![]() | Sh2-220, NGC 1499 |
229 | IC 405 | ![]() | Sh2-229, Flaming Star Nebula, Caldwell 31, IC 405 |
237 | NGC 1931 | ![]() | Sh2-237 |
238 | NGC 1555 | ![]() | Sh2-238, NGC 1555, Hind's Nebula |
244 | Krabí mlhovina | ![]() | Sh2-244, Messier 1, NGC 1952 |
248 | IC 443 | ![]() | Sh2-248, IC 443, Jellyfish Nebula |
273 | NGC 2264 | ![]() | Sh2-273, NGC 2264 |
275 | NGC 2237 | ![]() | Sh2-275, CTB 21, Rosette Nebula, Mlhovina Rozeta |
276 | Barnardova smyčka | ![]() | Sh2-276, Barnard's Loop |
277 | Mlhovina Plamínek | ![]() | Sh2-277, NGC 2024 |
279 | Sh2-279 | ![]() | Sh2-279 |
281 | Mlhovina v Orionu | ![]() | Sh2-281, M42, NGC 1976, LBN 974 |
297 | Sh2-297 | ![]() | Sh2-297, Ced 90, LBN 1039 |
298 | NGC 2359 | ![]() | Sh2-298, Thorova helma, Thor's Helmet, Gum 4, Sh2-298, NGC 2359 |
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Sharpless catalog na anglické Wikipedii.
- ↑ a b SHARPLESS, Stewart. A Catalogue of H II Regions. S. 257. Astrophysical Journal Supplement [online]. Prosinec 1959 [cit. 2019-09-18]. Roč. 4, s. 257. Dostupné online. Bibcode 1959ApJS....4..257S. (anglicky)
- ↑ a b c d The Gum, RCW, Sharpless and BFS catalogs [online]. [cit. 2019-09-18]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ DICK, Steven. Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory, 1830–2000. [s.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-521-81599-4.
- ↑ SHARPLESS, Stewart. A Catalogue of Emission Nebulae Near the Galactic Plane. S. 362. Astrophysical Journal [online]. Listopad 1953 [cit. 2019-09-19]. Roč. 118, s. 362. Dostupné online. Bibcode 1953ApJ...118..362S. (anglicky)
- ↑ a b BLITZ, Leo; FICH, Michel; STARK, Antony. Catalogue of CO radial velocities toward galactic HII regions. S. 183–206. Astrophysical Journal Supplement [online]. Červen 1982 [cit. 2019-09-19]. Roč. 49, s. 183–206. Dostupné online. Bibcode 1982ApJS...49..183B. (anglicky)
- ↑ a b NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: Results for Maffei 2 [online]. [cit. 2019-09-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
Související články
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Sharplessův katalog na Wikimedia Commons
- The Gum, RCW, Sharpless and BFS catalogs [online]. [cit. 2019-09-18]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- SIMBAD Astronomical Database: Results for 1959ApJS....4..257S [online]. [cit. 2019-08-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- SALMAN, Dean. The best of Sharpless catalog [online]. [cit. 2019-09-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
Média použitá na této stránce
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The orange filaments are the tattered remains of the star and consist mostly of hydrogen. The rapidly spinning neutron star embedded in the center of the nebula is the dynamo powering the nebula's eerie interior bluish glow. The blue light comes from electrons whirling at nearly the speed of light around magnetic field lines from the neutron star. The neutron star, like a lighthouse, ejects twin beams of radiation that appear to pulse 30 times a second due to the neutron star's rotation. A neutron star is the crushed ultra-dense core of the exploded star.
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Sulla sinistra NGC 1499, la Nebulosa California.
Fotografia di Oliver Stein.
Autor: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Cederblad 90, vdB 94, Gum 3, Sh2-297
Picture Details: Optics 32-inch Schulman Telescope (RC Optical Systems) Camera SBIG STX 16803 CCD Camera Filters AstroDon Gen II Dates October 2011 Location Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Exposure LRGB = 320:160:140:120 minutes Acquisition ACP Observatory Control Software (DC-3 Dreams),TheSky (Software Bisque), Maxim DL/CCD (Cyanogen)
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Like other massive star-forming regions, such as Orion and Carina, W5 contains large cavities that were carved out by radiation and winds from the region's most massive stars. According to the theory of triggered star-formation, the carving out of these cavities pushes gas together, causing it to ignite into successive generations of new stars.
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Autor: Původně soubor načetl Abdelqader na projektu Wikipedie v jazyce angličtina, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
IC 443 wide field image. The stars η (right) and μ (left) Geminorum, the diffuse emission from S249 (north), and the G189.6+3.3 partial shell (center) are visible.
(c) NASA & ESA, CC BY 4.0
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Autor: Hewholooks, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
IC 405 - The "Flaming Star Nebula"
SBIG ST-4000XCM 15x15min Imager Temp -20C APM/TMB 130/780 Field Flattenerref. http://hwilson.zenfolio.com/emission/h3590e589#h3590e589
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Autor: ESO, Licence: CC BY 4.0
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Autor: European Southern Observatory, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Three-colour composite image of the Omega Nebula (Messier 17, or NGC 6618), based on images obtained with the EMMI instrument on the ESO 3.58-metre New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory. North is down and East is to the right in the image. It spans an angle equal to about one third the diameter of the Full Moon, corresponding to about 15 light-years at the distance of the Omega Nebula. The three filters used are B (blue), V ("visual", or green) and R (red).
NGC 2359
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NGC 6302
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Autor:
- Ngc7635.jpg: Original uploader was Vanderbei at en.wikipedia
- derivative work: Dereckson (talk)
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Colours & filter Band Wavelength Telescope Optical B 435 nm Hubble Space Telescope ACS Optical V 555 nm Hubble Space Telescope ACS Optical H-alpha 658 nm Hubble Space Telescope ACS Infrared I 775 nm Hubble Space Telescope ACS Infrared Z 850 nm Hubble Space Telescope ACSNotes: Additional observational data from the WFI instrument on the ESO.MPG 2.2-metre telescope.
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Target:
Sh2-101 (Tulip)
Imaging Telescope:
Orion ED80T CF (480 focal length)
Mount:
Celestron CGX
Polar Alignment:
QHYCCD PoleMaster
Imaging Camera:
ZWO ASI1600MM-Cool
Filters:
Ha=82x180s
OIII=43x180s
Total Exposure Time: 6.2 hours
Gain: 139, Offset: 21
Guide scope:
Orion ST80
Guide Camera:
Lodestar X2
Guide Software:
PHD2
Calibration Frames:
Darks: 50, Bias: 50, Flats: 50
Capture software:
Sequence Generator Pro (SGP)
Stacking software:
DeepSkyStacker
Post Processing:
PixInsight, PhotoShop
Autor: Hewholooks, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
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Autor: Giuseppe Donatiello, Licence: CC0
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Amateur image of IC5146 - Cocoon Nebula in Cygnus
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Technical information: Telescope: 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope.
Instrument: Wide Field Camera.
Detector: EEV.
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Autor: Hewholooks, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
NGC 1931 Difuse nebula and cluster taken with Celestron 9.25 and Modified Canon 350D