Synové Horovi
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Horovi synové je původní egyptské označení skupiny čtyř, převážně pohřebních staroegyptských bohů, pokládaných za syny boha Hora v jeho významově a lokálně variantních jménech, a to například (
) Horus s rohy boha Khnema, (
) Horus starý, (
) Horus pohledný.[1] Dalších osm vyskytujících se jmen zmiňuje Budge.[2] Otcem synů je Horus, matkou je Isis.
Mytologie
Jejich votivní postavy tvarované do pohřebních kanop k ukládání vnitřních orgánů zemřelého, jako součást mumifikace a také součást pohřební výbavy, jsou nacházeny v zachovaných hrobkách a datují se už ve Střední říši. Postavy synů jsou rovněž zobrazovány ve výzdobách hrobek, jako je v hrobce připisované faraonu Ajemu z 18. dynastie, kde jsou synové zobrazeni jako čtyři zcela lidské mumifikované královské postavy, sedící ve dvojicích po stranách obětního stolu, přičemž Duamutef a Qebehsenuef mají na hlavách hornoegyptskou bílou korunu 
, zatímco Imset a Hapi nesou červenou korunu Dolního Egypta 
.[2][3] Panovník je zobrazen s korunou obou zemí Pšechent 
[4] Synové Horovi byli zároveň i představiteli větrů vanoucích ze čtyř světových stran, případně světových stran samotných, Duamutef východní, Hapi severní, Qebehsenuef západní a Imset jižní[1]. Horus k tomu pravil:
Dejte dva bratry Butovi a dva bratry do Hierakonopolis, v této mé společnosti budou se mnou spojeni na věčnost aby země vzkvétala a nepokoje ustaly
V Textech pyramid jsou synové Hora zmiňováni jako „přátelé krále“ a zemřelému faraonovi pomáhají při jeho výstupu na nebesa. Později jsou obecně zmiňováni jako ochránci zemřelých, zejména před hladem a žízní.[6]
| Jméno | Podobnost | Kanopa pro orgán mumie | Územní dominance Egypta | Božská patronka | vzhled |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imsety      | Osoba | játra | Jih | Isis |  |
Duamutef     | Šakal | žaludek | Východ | Neith[3] |  |
Hapi (Xapi)   | Pavián | plíce | Sever | Nephthys |  |
Qebehsenuef   | Sokol | vnitřnosti | Západ | Selket[3] |  |
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Literatura
- Donald B.Redford, The Oxford Encykolpedie of Ancient Egypt, Vol.I & II & III, Oxford University Press, 2001
- J. Morgan, Nécropole Memphite, Dahchur, Sakkarah, Abou-Sir, Echelle, 1897 [1]
- Wallis Budge, The Book of the Kings of Egypt, London, Vol. I.1904 & II.1908 [2]
- Aude Gräzer Ohara, Treasure from the lost City of Memphis, Boston, 2020 [3]
Reference
- ↑ a b GARDINER, Alan. Egiptian Grammar. Oxford: Asmolean Museum, 1973. (anglicky)
- ↑ a b c BUDGE, Wallis. The Gods of the Egyptians or Studies in Egiptian Mythology [online]. Chicago: London, Mathuen & Co. London, 1904 Vol.I. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ a b c BUDGE, Wallis. The Gods of the Egyptians or Studies in Egiptian Mythology [online]. Chicago: London :Mathuen & Co., 1904 Vol.II. S. 466–4. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ JAMES, T. G. H. Hrobka Aje. In: WEEKS, Kent R. Údolí králů : hrobky a zádušní chrámy západních Théb. Čestlice: Rebo, 2002. ISBN 80-7234-247-9. S. 172.
- ↑ BUDGE, Wallis. Book of the dead [online]. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CO ., 1898. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ VERNER, Miroslav; BAREŠ, Ladislav; VACHALA, Břetislav. Encyklopedie starověkého Egypta. Praha: Libri, 2007. 528 s. ISBN 978-80-7277-306-0. S. 211.
- ↑ MARIETTE, Auguste. Le Sérapeum de Memphis [online]. Paris: Gide Libraire Éditeur, 1857. S. Tab. VI.. Dostupné online. (francouzsky)
Související články
Externí odkazy
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Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S3.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-I9.png
Hieroglyph I9 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph I9 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-U33.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-A40.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-M17.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Four Sons of Horus LACMA M.2010.31a-d.jpg
- Egypt, 26th dynasty (circa 664-525 B.C.)
- Sculpture
- Wood
- .1-.4) 7 x 1 3/8 x 1/4 in. (17.78 x 3.49 x .64 cm) each; Overall: 9 1/4 x 7 1/4 x 1 3/4 in. (23.5 x 18.42 x 4.45 cm) with mount
- Ancient Art Deaccession Fund (temporary credit line) (M.2010.31a-d)
- Egyptian Art
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G14.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Nepthys.svg
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Nephthys (Greek: Νέφθυς) or Nebthet or Neber-Het was a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. A member of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis in Egyptian mythology, she was a daughter of Nut and Geb. Nephthys was typically paired with her sister Isis in funerary rites because of their role as protectors of the mummy and the god Osiris and as the sister-wife of Set.
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Nephthys (Greek: Νέφθυς) or Nebthet or Neber-Het was a goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. A member of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis in Egyptian mythology, she was a daughter of Nut and Geb. Nephthys was typically paired with her sister Isis in funerary rites because of their role as protectors of the mummy and the god Osiris and as the sister-wife of Set.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-W17.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S1.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Aa5.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G36.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Serket.svg
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Serket, an ancient Egyptian goddess. Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings.
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Serket, an ancient Egyptian goddess. Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings.
Egyptian - A Complete Set of Canopic Jars - Walters 41171, 41172, 41173, 41174 - Group.jpg
This set of canopic jars was made to contain the internal organs removed from the body during the mummification process. The four sons of the god Horus were believed to protect these organs. The jackal-headed Duamutef protected the stomach; the falcon-headed Qebehsenuef, the intestines; the baboon-headed Hapi, the lungs; and human-headed Imsety, the liver.
This set of canopic jars was made to contain the internal organs removed from the body during the mummification process. The four sons of the god Horus were believed to protect these organs. The jackal-headed Duamutef protected the stomach; the falcon-headed Qebehsenuef, the intestines; the baboon-headed Hapi, the lungs; and human-headed Imsety, the liver.
Pl. 3 - Scenes from isolated tomb D, Serapeum of Saqqara (upper).png
Scenes from the burial chamber of isolated tomb D at the Serapeum of Saqqara, dating to the reign of Horemheb of the 18th dynasty.
Scenes from the burial chamber of isolated tomb D at the Serapeum of Saqqara, dating to the reign of Horemheb of the 18th dynasty.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-N14.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-A41.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G17.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Isis.svg
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Ancient Egyptian goddess Isis, wife of Osiris. Isis is usually represented as a woman with the throne-hieroglyph on her head. Isis can also be represented as a bird (called a kite) wearing the same headdress. In another form, Isis bears the headdress used by Hathor, consisting of a sun-disk and cow horns.[1] This image is partially based on images of Isis from the tomb of Nefertari, en:QV66.
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Ancient Egyptian goddess Isis, wife of Osiris. Isis is usually represented as a woman with the throne-hieroglyph on her head. Isis can also be represented as a bird (called a kite) wearing the same headdress. In another form, Isis bears the headdress used by Hathor, consisting of a sun-disk and cow horns.[1] This image is partially based on images of Isis from the tomb of Nefertari, en:QV66.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S29.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G1.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-X1.png
Hieroglyph X1 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph X1 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Neith.svg
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Neith, an ancient Egyptian goddess who wears an emblem symbolizing a shield with crossed arrows on her head. Alternately, Neith was depicted as a woman wearing the red crown of lower Egypt. Neith often carries the was scepter. Sometimes Neith's emblem may be represented horizontally.[1] Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings.
Autor: Jeff Dahl, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Neith, an ancient Egyptian goddess who wears an emblem symbolizing a shield with crossed arrows on her head. Alternately, Neith was depicted as a woman wearing the red crown of lower Egypt. Neith often carries the was scepter. Sometimes Neith's emblem may be represented horizontally.[1] Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-T22.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Stela Shabaqo Met.jpg
Autor: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Licence: CC0
Ancient Egyptian donation stela of pharaoh Shabaqo, written in hieratic. The king is depicted while making offerings to the goddess Wadjet and to Horus of Pe (a local form of Horus), both deities worshipped in the city of Buto, in the Nile Delta. Regnal Year 6 of Shabaqo, 25th Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period. Acc. No. 55.144.6.
Autor: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Licence: CC0
Ancient Egyptian donation stela of pharaoh Shabaqo, written in hieratic. The king is depicted while making offerings to the goddess Wadjet and to Horus of Pe (a local form of Horus), both deities worshipped in the city of Buto, in the Nile Delta. Regnal Year 6 of Shabaqo, 25th Dynasty, Third Intermediate Period. Acc. No. 55.144.6.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S5.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Z4.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-G7.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-D21.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-W15.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Horus as falcon (crowned).svg
Autor: FDRMRZUSA, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
The ancient Egyptian god Horus represented as a falcon. Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings and Edfu Temple statues and reliefs.
Autor: FDRMRZUSA, Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
The ancient Egyptian god Horus represented as a falcon. Based on New Kingdom tomb paintings and Edfu Temple statues and reliefs.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-U7.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Z1.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-I10.png
Hieroglyph I10 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph I10 from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-R4.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-Q3.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-D12.png
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.
Hieroglyph from the Hieroglyphica sign list, rendered in Abydos Bold font.