Tituly a vyznamenání Winstona Churchilla

W. Churchill v uniformě zdobené stužkami vyznamenání, 1943

The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchil, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, RA obdržel během své vojenské i politické kariéry řadu vyznamenání a ocenění. Mezi lety 1885 až 1964 Churchill obdržel 37 britských a zahraničních řádů a řadu dalších medailí. Z celkového počtu udělených státních vyznamenání jich bylo dvacet britských, tři francouzské, po dvou vyznamenáních získal z Belgie, Dánska, Lucemburska a Španělska. Po jednom z ocenění mu udělily státy Česká republika, Egypt, Estonsko, Libye, Nepál, Nizozemsko, Norsko a USA. Deset medailí mu bylo uděleno za službu v Britské armádě.[1]

Erb

Návrh na vévodský titul

V roce 1945 nabídl král Jiří VI. Churchillovi titul vévody z Doveru, jenž se tak mohl stát od roku 1874 prvním vévodou nekrálovského původu. Jiří VI. mu také nabídl vyznamenání v podobě rytíře Podvazkového řádu. Churchill však obě nabídky odmítl.[2][3]

Poté, co Churchill opustil post ministerského předsedy, mu královna Alžběta II. opětovně nabídla povýšení do šlechtického stavu s titulem vévody. Obvykle bývaly odcházejícím premiérům nabízeny hraběcí tituly a tak nabídka vévodského titulu svědčí o speciální cti. Jedním z titulů, který byl zvažován byl titul Vévody z Londýna, tedy z města, jehož název nebyl nikdy v historii v šlechtickém titulu použit. V parlamentu zastupoval Churchill tři kraje a pocházel ze čtvrtého, a tak se zdál vhodný titul města, ve kterém strávil většinu času během své politické kariéry. Churchill tuto nabídku zvažoval, ale nakonec ji odmítl i s ohledem na nákladnost vévodského života a také přijetí jakéhokoliv titulu mohlo zkrátit politickou kariéru jeho syna Randolpha a mohlo případně v politické kariéře bránit i jeho vnukovi.[4]

Státní pohřeb

Smuteční průvod ulicemi Londýna

Jednou z nejvýznamnější poct byl státní pohřeb konaný v Katedrále sv. Pavla, poté, co byla jeho rakev vystavena po tři dny ve Westminster Hall ve Westminsterském paláci. Cti pohřbu v Katedrále sv. Pavla se pouze zřídka dostane někomu jinému než britskému panovníku nebo panovnici a jeho/její choti. Královna Alžběta II. také porušila protokol, když vstoupila do katedrály ještě před Churchillovou rakví. Dle protokolu měla vstoupit poslední.[5] Počet světových státníků účastnících se pohřbu byl také jedním z největších v historii.[6]

Vyznamenání

Portrét W. Churchilla v uniformě RAF v hodnosti Air Commodore zdobené stužkami vyznamenání

Britská vyznamenání

Zahraniční vyznamenání

Ostatní ocenění

Vojenské hodnosti

Winston Churchill v uniformě podporučíka, 1895

Vojenské hodnosti

  • cornet, 4th Queen's Own Hussars – 20. února 1895[13]
  • poručík, 4th Queen's Own Hussars – 20. května 1896[13]
  • poručík, South African Light Horse – leden 1900[13]
  • kapitán, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars – 4. ledna 1902[13]
  • major, Henley Squadron, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars – 25. května 1905[13]
  • podplukovník (dočasný), 6. prapor, Royal Scots Fusilliers, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars – 5. ledna 1916[13]

Čestné vojenské hodnosti

  • čestný Air Commodore, 615. peruť RAF – 4. dubna 1939 až 1957[14]
  • čestný plukovník, Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars – 21. října 1939 až 13. října 1959[15]

Čestné funkce

Čestná občanství

Churchillovo osvědčení o udělení čestného občanství USA
Socha Winstona Churchilla ve Washingtonu D.C.

Dne 9. dubna 1963 prohlásil prezident USA John F. Kennedy, jednajíc podle Act of Congress, Churchilla prvním čestným občanem Spojených států amerických. Churchill však nebyl fyzicky schopný se slavnostního ceremoniálu v Bílém domě zúčastnit. Ocenění za něho převzal jeho syn a vnuk.[16][17]

Již 12. listopadu 1944 obdržel během své návštěvy osvobozené Paříže její čestné občanství. Během slavnostního ceremoniálu obdržel nacistickou vlajku, která dříve vlála na pařížské radnici Hotel de Ville.[18]

Churchill celkem obdržel 42 čestných občanství:[19]

Čestné akademické tituly

W. Churchill přebírá čestný doktorát Univerzity v Leidenu, 1946

Churchill během svého života obdržel řadu čestných doktorátů jak na britských, tak zahraničních vysokých školách:

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Honours of Winston Churchill na anglické Wikipedii.

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  2. WINCHESTER, simon. Their Noble Lordship. [s.l.]: [s.n.] Dostupné online. 
  3. Finest Hour, Number 57. Autumn 1987 Dostupné online Archivováno 5. 7. 2021 na Wayback Machine.
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  6. Holding history's largest funeral. news.bbc.co.uk. 2005-04-08. Dostupné online [cit. 2020-08-12]. (anglicky) 
  7. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Orders, Decorations and Medals. The International Churchill Society [online]. 2008-06-18 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  8. White Lion goes to Winton and Winston - PRAGUE POST | The Voice of Prague. web.archive.org [online]. 2016-01-17 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2016-01-17. 
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  10. Vabariigi President. www.president.ee [online]. [cit. 2021-06-30]. Dostupné online. 
  11. Actualités - Lëtzebuerger Arméi. web.archive.org [online]. 2012-04-26 [cit. 2021-06-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2012-04-26. 
  12. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953. NobelPrize.org [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  13. a b c d e f Churchill's Commissions and Military Attachments. The International Churchill Society [online]. 2008-10-17 [cit. 2020-08-13]. Dostupné online. 
  14. Who Was Who, 1961–1970. p. 206.
  15. The Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars [UK]. web.archive.org [online]. 2007-12-19 [cit. 2020-08-13]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2007-12-19. 
  16. Churchill Honored with US Citizenship. The International Churchill Society [online]. 2009-05-29 [cit. 2020-08-13]. Dostupné online. 
  17. President John F. Kennedy declares Winston Churchill and honorary citizen of the USA Dostupné online
  18. GILBERT, Martin. Winston S. Churchill: Road to Victory, 1941–1945. [s.l.]: Rosetta Books 1157 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-7953-4466-4. (anglicky) 
  19. The Guinness book of records. 19th ed.. London: Guinness Superlatives 2-319 pages s. Dostupné online. ISBN 0-900424-12-5, ISBN 978-0-900424-12-0. OCLC 226076029 
  20. COOK, Hannah. Honorary Freemen of the Borough. www.oldham.gov.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  21. British Pathé Premier In Scotland Aka Churchill In Scotland (1942) Dostupné online
  22. Briish Pahé Churchill A Freeman Aka Churchill Made A Freeman Of London (1943) Dostupné online
  23. CHURCHILL RECEIVES FREEDOM OF PARIS - SOUND | AP Archive. www.aparchive.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  24. Autumn 1945 (Age 70). The International Churchill Society [online]. 2015-03-20 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  25. When Blackpool Gave Freedom of the Borough to Winston Churchill | Blackpool Winter Gardens Trust. web.archive.org [online]. 2017-04-05 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2017-04-05. 
  26. When Sir Winston Churchill received special honour from Poole. Bournemouth Echo [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  27. British Movietone Churchill Receives Freedom of Westminster Dostupné online
  28. PATHÉ, British. Churchill: Freedom Of Manchester. www.britishpathe.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  29. British Pathé Winston Churchill Receives Freedom of Ayr Aka Pathe Front Page Dostupné online
  30. RAMSDEN, JOHN, 1947-2009. Man of the century : Winston Churchill and his legend since 1945. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. 652 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 0-231-13106-2, ISBN 978-0-231-13106-3. OCLC 52133027 S. 106. 
  31. My Brighton and Hove [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  32. Reno Gazette-Journal from Reno, Nevada on April 22, 1948 · Page 14. Newspapers.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  33. Mr Winston Churchill seen receiving the Freedom of Eastbourne, Sussex from Councillor Randolph E - Photo Prints - Media Storehouse. web.archive.org [online]. 2017-08-01 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2017-08-01. 
  34. SERVICE, Hampshire Library and Information. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. www.sopse.org.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  35. British Pathe Churchill Gets Freedom Of Cardiff (1948) Dostupné online
  36. Honorary Freeman of the City and County of Cardiff Dostupné online
  37. Full record for 'CHURCHILL RECEIVES THE FREEDOM OF PERTH' (0841) - Moving Image Archive catalogue. movingimage.nls.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  38. Appointment of Honorary Persons. Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. www.rbkc.gov.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2021-07-30. 
  39. British Pathé Selected Originals – Churchill Receives Freedom Of Worcester Dostupné online
  40. The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search. news.google.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  41. British Pathé Pompey's New Freeman (1950) Dostupné online
  42. On this day from Monday, February 27 2017. Swindon Advertiser [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  43. Picture sheffield. www.picturesheffield.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  44. Retro: Sheffield honours Churchill with freedom of city - The Star. web.archive.org [online]. 2017-12-26 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2017-12-26. 
  45. British Pathé Selected Originals – Two Freedoms For Churchill (1951) Dostupné online
  46. Eliot Crawshay-williams - Program Signed 08/15/1951 | HistoryForSale Item 52843. HistoryForSale - Autographs, Collectibles & Memorabilia [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  47. Honorary Freemen - Aberystwyth Council. www.aberystwyth.gov.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  48. LORRAINE. The Dover Historian [online]. 2016-04-16 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  49. The Windsor Daily Star - Vyhledávání v archivu Zpráv Google. news.google.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  50. CHURCHILL VISITS JAMAICA | colonialfilm. www.colonialfilm.org.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  51. Freedoms granted by Harrow - Further info | Harrow Council. web.archive.org [online]. 2015-08-23 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2015-08-23. 
  52. Freedom of city was last granted in 1963. The Irish Times [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  53. The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search. news.google.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  54. Emery and Wendy Reves "La Pausa" Goes on Sale. The International Churchill Society [online]. 2011-09-08 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2020-09-20. 
  55. Douglas Borough Council - Freedom of the Borough of Douglas. www.douglas.gov.im [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  56. SANDYS, CELIA,. Chasing Churchill : the travels with Winston Churchill by his granddaughter. London, England: [s.n.] 1 online resource (285 pages) s. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-1-910065-29-7, ISBN 1-910065-29-3. OCLC 884586879 
  57. a b Brothers in Arms: Winston Churchill Receives Honorary Degree | Harvard Library. web.archive.org [online]. 2017-09-06 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2017-09-06. 
  58. “1926, Belfast” (BRDW 1/2/107) – Churchill Pictures [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  59. NewsCenter [online]. 2016-05-11 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
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  62. Full record for 'WINSTON CHURCHILL VISITS ABERDEEN' (2797) - Moving Image Archive catalogue. movingimage.nls.uk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. 
  63. How Sir Winston Churchill became a Leiden Honorary Doctor. Leiden University [online]. [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  64. KOMMUNIKATION. Æresdoktorer. universitetshistorie.ku.dk [online]. 2020-05-25 [cit. 2020-08-12]. Dostupné online. (dánsky) 

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Belgická vlajka

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Its colours are defined as Pantone black, Pantone yellow 115, and Pantone red 032; also given as CMYK 0,0,0,100; 0,8.5,79,0; and 0,94,87,0.
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Tento vektorový obrázek byl vytvořen programem Inkscape .
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Winston Churchill 1874 - 1965
2nd Lieutenant Winston Churchill of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in 1895.
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Winston Churchill's funeral in 1965
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Most Refulgent Order of the Star of Nepal ribbon bar
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King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon
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Ribbon bar of the Croix de Guerre 1940-1945 with palm (Belgium)
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The Coat of Arms of Sir Winston Churchill
The Churchill Arms:

The original arms of the first Sir Winston Churchill (1620-1688), father of the First Duke of Marlborough, were extremely simple and were certainly in use by his own father in 1619. The shield was Sable a Lion rampant Argent debruised by a Bendlet Gules (figure 1). The addition of the Canton rendered this further distinguishing mark unnecessary. In recognition of the first Sir Winston's services to King Charles I as Captain of the Horse, and his loyalty to King Charles II as a Member of Parliament. At the same time he was authorised to omit the Bendlet, which had served the purpose of distinguishing this branch of the Churchill family from others which bore an undifferenced Lion., he was awarded an augmentation of honour to his arms in 1661/1662. This rare mark of royal favour took the form of a canton of St. George. A canton is a square in the dexter chief, occupying less than a quarter (probably about one-eighth) of the shield, and in this case Argent a Cross Gules. At the same time he was authorised to omit the Bendlet, which had served the purpose of distinguishing this branch of the Churchill family from others which bore an undifferenced Lion.

This revised shield, complete with augmentation of honour, was inherited by his son John Churchill, First Duke of Marlborough (1650-1722). Note that the helm is in profile and has a closed grill; it therefore belongs to a peer. Extra features in these armorial bearings are:

  • Supporters: Peers, Knights of the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle and Knights Grand Cross of the other orders of chivalry are entitled to these figures, placed on either side of the shield to support it; they may be human, animal or mythical. In this case they were the mythical Griffin (part lion, part eagle) and Wyvern (a dragon without hind legs).
  • Coronet: Immediately above the shield is a coronet, indicating the bearer's rank of duke. Imperial Eagle and Princely Coronet: These unusual features show that the duke was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire‹a dignity conferred in 1705.
  • The Churchill crest is blazoned as a Lion couchant guardant Argent, supporting with its dexter Forepaw a Banner Gules, charged with a dexter Hand appaumée of the first, Staff Or. (This crest, with the dexter Hand appaumée converted into a V-sign, forms the logo of the International Churchill Society and Finest Hour.)
The Churchill motto Fiel Pero Desdichado (Spanish for "Faithful but Unfortunate") is also displayed.
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Churchill's Honorary Citizen of the United States passport
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Ribbon of the Order of Merit
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Ribbon of the w:Defence Medal (United Kingdom) in 100x30px format
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Order of Muhammad ibn Ali al Sanussi
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Ribbon bar of the Military Medal (Luxembourg)
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Ribbon bar of the Khedive's Sudan Medal issued for service between 1896 and 1905
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Coat of Arms of Sir Winston Churchill, or a member of the Spencer-Churchill family, as a Gentleman
The Churchill Arms:

The original arms of the first Sir Winston Churchill (1620-1688), father of the First Duke of Marlborough, were extremely simple and were certainly in use by his own father in 1619. The shield was Sable a Lion rampant Argent debruised by a Bendlet Gules (figure 1). The addition of the Canton rendered this further distinguishing mark unnecessary. In recognition of the first Sir Winston's services to King Charles I as Captain of the Horse, and his loyalty to King Charles II as a Member of Parliament. At the same time he was authorised to omit the Bendlet, which had served the purpose of distinguishing this branch of the Churchill family from others which bore an undifferenced Lion., he was awarded an augmentation of honour to his arms in 1661/1662. This rare mark of royal favour took the form of a canton of St. George. A canton is a square in the dexter chief, occupying less than a quarter (probably about one-eighth) of the shield, and in this case Argent a Cross Gules. At the same time he was authorised to omit the Bendlet, which had served the purpose of distinguishing this branch of the Churchill family from others which bore an undifferenced Lion.

This revised shield, complete with augmentation of honour, was inherited by his son John Churchill, First Duke of Marlborough (1650-1722). Note that the helm is in profile and has a closed grill; it therefore belongs to a peer. Extra features in these armorial bearings are:

  • Supporters: Peers, Knights of the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle and Knights Grand Cross of the other orders of chivalry are entitled to these figures, placed on either side of the shield to support it; they may be human, animal or mythical. In this case they were the mythical Griffin (part lion, part eagle) and Wyvern (a dragon without hind legs).
  • Coronet: Immediately above the shield is a coronet, indicating the bearer's rank of duke. Imperial Eagle and Princely Coronet: These unusual features show that the duke was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire‹a dignity conferred in 1705.
  • The Churchill crest is blazoned as a Lion couchant guardant Argent, supporting with its dexter Forepaw a Banner Gules, charged with a dexter Hand appaumée of the first, Staff Or. (This crest, with the dexter Hand appaumée converted into a V-sign, forms the logo of the International Churchill Society and Finest Hour.)
The Churchill motto Fiel Pero Desdichado (Spanish for "Faithful but Unfortunate") is also displayed.
Churchill Statue, British Embassy, Washington, D.C LCCN2011630702.tif
Title: Churchill Statue, British Embassy, Washington, D.C

Physical description: 1 transparency : color ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller.

Notes: Title, date, and keywords provided by the photographer.; Digital image produced by Carol M. Highsmith to represent her original film transparency; some details may differ between the film and the digital images.; Forms part of the Selects Series in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive.; Gift and purchase; Carol M. Highsmith; 2011; (DLC/PP-2011:124).; Credit line: Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
EST Cross of Liberty Military Leadership.png
Autor: EricSerge, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Estonian Cross of Liberty for Military Leadership ribbon bar
Flag of Northern Ireland (1953–1972).svg
Ulster Banner is a heraldic banner taken from the former coat of arms of Northern Ireland. It was used by the Northern Ireland government in 1953-1973 with Edwardian crown since coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, based earlier design with Tudor Crown from 1924. Otherwise known as the Ulster Flag, Red Hand of Ulster Flag, Red Hand Flag.
GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png
King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.
Winston Churchill with his daughter Sarah, on a visit to his old regiment, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, in Egypt, 5 December 1943. E26681.jpg
Winston Churchill with his daughter Sarah, on a visit to his old regiment, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, in Egypt, 5 December 1943.
The Prime Minister Winston Churchill wears the uniform of a full Colonel of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars beneath the regimental flag with his daughter, Sarah, and Lieutenant General Stone during his visit to the regiment on 5 December 1943.
Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg
Autor: Portunes, Licence: CC BY 4.0
Ribbon bar of the Danish Order of the Elephant
King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.png
Autor: PalawanOz, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
King George V Coronation Medal ribbon
Italy Star BAR.svg
Autor: unknown, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
CZE Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy BAR.svg
Stužka: Řád bílého lva I. třídy – Česká republika (od roku 1994).
ESP Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg
Autor: LukGasz, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Ribbon bar of the Cross of Military Merit w. Red Decoration (Spain)
St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg
Autor: Ordensherre, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Ribbon of Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav, Norwegian: Stripe for storkors av St. Olavs Orden.
UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg
UK Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal ribbon bar - 218x60px.