Uzbecký chanát

Uzbecký chanát
Oʻzbek xonligi
← Zlatá horda
← Tímúrovská říše		1428–1471Bucharský chanát →
Kazašský chanát →
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Mapa
Uzbecký chanát roku 1448
Chimgi-Tura (1428–1446)
Sighnaq (1446–1469)
Lasi (1469–1471)
obyvatelstvo
státní útvar
dědičná monarchie
vznik:
zánik:
státní útvary a území
předcházející:
Zlatá hordaZlatá horda
Tímúrovská říšeTímúrovská říše
následující:
Bucharský chanátBucharský chanát
Kazašský chanátKazašský chanát

Uzbecký chanát (uzbecky Oʻzbek xonligi) byl šejbanidovský stát, který existoval v letech 1428–1471. Navzdory krátké době své existence patřil ke klíčovým mocnostem ve střední Asii. Ovládal nejen téměř celé území dnešního Uzbekistánu, ale i část dnešního Kazachstánu, Turkmenistánu a jižního Ruska. Prvním hlavním městem bylo Čimgi-Tura (dnešní Ťumeň v Rusku), pak to byl Signoq v dnešním Kazachstánu a nakonec krátce Iasy (dnešní Turkestán v Kazachstánu). Zakladatelem a jedním ze dvou panovníků chanátu byl Abu'l Chajr-chán, jemuž k moci významně dopomohl vládce Tímúrovské říše Ulugbeg, ovšem Uzbecký chanát pak získal řadu území právě na úkor Timurovců (například hlavní město Chórezmu Kuňja-Urgenč roku 1431). Část území uzmul také Zlaté hordě. Abu'l Chajrův syn a druhý chán Šejch Hajdar byl zabit v boji se Sibiřským chanátem, čímž se stát rozpadl. Abulchajrovská dynastie ale okolo roku 1500 vytvořila nový stát zvaný Bucharský chanát, do jehož čela se postavil Abu'l Chajrův vnuk Muhammad Šejbání.[1] Ještě před zánikem Uzbeckého chanátu se z něj odštěpila významná skupina nomádů, vedená Žanibekem a Kerejem, která pak založila Kazašský chanát. Abu'l Chajr padl právě v boji z Kazachy.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Uzbek Khanate na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ ABAZOV, Rafis. The Rise of the Uzbek Khanate. Příprava vydání Rafis Abazov. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-230-61090-3. DOI 10.1057/9780230610903_27. S. 60–61. (anglicky) DOI: 10.1057/9780230610903_27. 

Média použitá na této stránce

No flag.svg
No official flag.
The Uzbek Khanate in 1448.png
Autor: DamiKarv, Licence: CC0
The territory that the Uzbek khanate controlled in 1448 when the khanate reached its peak
Timurid.svg
Autor: User:Stannered, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0

TIMURID THREE ANNULETS SYMBOL:
Three annulets symbol of the Timurids. See article [1] for precise discussion.

Coinage of Timur with "three annulets" symbol (at the center of the reverse side). Shaykh abu-Ishaq (Kazirun) mint. Undated, circa AH 795-807 AD 1393-1405.( (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2: 144, 149, 159 Fig.5.)((angličtina) (14 May 2009) Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set, OUP USA, p. 426 ISBN: 978-0-19-530991-1. ""Coinage issued by the Timurid dynasty (r. 1370-1506) comprised various silver coins and several coppers, most often anonymous, although some coppers struck in the name of Timur 1370–1405; here called amīr) have a tamghā of three annulets prominently on the reverse."")


FROM THE CATALAN ATLAS:
In the Catalan Atlas (1375), only this flag is used for Eastern Mongol dominions, and it corresponds to the Mongol Yuan dynasty, not the Timurid Empire, which is not mentioned in the Catalan Atlas and was created too late (1370) to appear in the Catalan Atlas anyway.

Eastern Mongol flags in the Catalan Atlas

STUDY OF THE FLAG by Yuka Kadoi, Faculty Member, University of Vienna ( (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2: 148.):

Timur umbrella detail with three-dots decorative motif

Yuka Kadoi studied the possibility that the "brown or originally silver flag with three circles or balls" in the Catalan Atlas could be associated with the "earlier dominions of the Timurid Empire", specifically referencing a flag shown over the city is camull (Khamil) in Xinjiang. She also quotes Ruy González de Clavijo (d. 1412), a Spanish ambassador who visited the Timurid court in 1404, who describes a a relevant emblematic design adopted by Timur:
"The special armorial bearing of Timur is the three circlets set thus to shape a triangle, which same it is said signifies that he Timur is lord of all three quarters of the world. This device Timur has ordered to be set on the coins that he has stuck, and on all buildings that he has erected (…) These three circlets which, as said, are like the letter O thrice repeated to form a triangle, further are the imprint of Timur’s seal, and again by his special order are added so as to be seen patent on all the coins stuck by those princes who are become tributary to his government."
She also notes the existence of Timur umbrella detail with three-dots decorative motif.
Some contemporary coins from Samarkand also have the three dots as a motif. [2]
Beyond this, scant confirmation.

The flag referenced by Kadoi would actually be this one: , the flag with the three red crescent moons which is seen all over eastern Asian in the Catalan Atlas, and which is simply the flag of the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan China) ((angličtina) (28 October 2013) The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto, University of Toronto Press, p. 32 ISBN: 978-1-4426-6667-2. )
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg
Autor: Vorziblix, Licence: CC0
The flag of the Golden Horde, as shown in Angelino Dulcert's 1339 map. A similar flag appears in the later Catalan Atlas (1375), providing corroboration.

See also Early Mongol Flags at crwflags.com:

One of the charges is a crescent and the other looks like a simplified form of the tamga from the flag of Idel Ural. On different copies of the flag, the crescent has different size; it is often smaller than shown here, sometimes even reduced into a simple oblique stroke and conjoined with the other charge into a si[n]gle symmetrical object; the other charge also sometimes lacks the oblique part [2, 3]. It was obviously difficult to draw the charges always the same way. The cities with this flag which are easy to identify are [2, 7, 8]: Sarai, the capital (spelled Sarra) - there is also a depiction of the ruler, "Jani Beg Lord of Sarai" ("Jambech senyor de Sarra"); Tana, present-day Azov, Russia; and Urgench, Uzbekistan (spelled Organci, with a cedilla under the c; nowadays ruined). This flag is a variant of the flag of "Emperor of Sarai" ("Emperador de Sara") from "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos" [7] and might be the one that had really existed, considering the similarity of its charges with those from the flag of Idel Ural.
[2] Enciclopedia universal ilustrada, vol. XXI, Espan~a Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A., 1968
[3] Istorija otkric'a i istraz<ivanja, vol. I: Poc<etak istraz<ivanja; Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1979; Original title: A History of Discovery and Exploration, vol. I: The Search Begins;(C) 1973 Aldus Books Limited, London
[7] Libro del Conoscimiento. Viajes medievales, vol. I Madrid: Fundacio'n Jose' Antonio de Castro, 2005 ISBN 84-96452-11-5 (complete edition) ISBN 84-96452-12-3 (vol. I) [e9s50]
[8] A[p]pendices. (Ibid.)
Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
War flag of Khanate of Bukhara.svg
Autor: Samhanin, Licence: CC0
War flag of Khanate of Bukhara. This flag used in Khanate of Bukhara in the Battle of Marv by Muin Musavvir's painting.