Výstup do vesmíru

Výstup do vesmíru (anglicky Extra-Vehicular Activity, zkratka EVA) označuje souhrnně veškeré činnosti astronautů, které se provádějí mimo kosmickou loď. Jedná se především o venkovní práce na kosmických stanicích.

Historie

První výstup člověka do volného vesmíru (EVA) se datuje 18. března 1965, kdy Alexej Leonov připoután lanem a oblečen ve skafandru opustil mateřskou loď Voschod 2. Druhý výstup do volného prostoru se uskutečnil v rámci mise Gemini 4, kdy se Edward White stal prvním Američanem ve volném vesmíru. 21. července 1969 uskutečnil Neil Armstrong první výstup, který nebyl do volného vesmíru, nýbrž na povrch Měsíce.[1] Dále se po tomto měsíčním EVA uskutečnilo dalších 13 výstupů na povrch Měsíce, při misích Apollo 12 - 17.

První EVA v hlubokém vesmíru se uskutečnilo v roce 1971 při misi Apollo 15, kdy Američan Alfred Worden, po TEI (Trans-Earth Injection - navedení na dráhu k Zemi) vystoupil z lodi Apollo a vyzvedl ze SIM bay kazety s filmy a daty přístrojů pro dálkové zkoumání Měsíce[2].

Poslední EVA v hlubokém vesmíru se uskutečnilo 17. prosince 1972, Američanem Ronaldem Evansem, taktéž při vyzvednutí filmových kazet po TEI při misi Apollo 17.

Do srpna 1979 bylo evidováno 26 výstupů na povrch kosmické lodě či stanice[3]. Od té doby jsou výstupy EVA běžnou součástí pracovního režimu na kosmických lodích USA a SSSR (nyní Ruska) a vesmírných orbitálních stanicích.

Druhy EVA

Později byly tyto výstupy kategorizovány, dnes se rozeznávají tyto druhy EVA:

  • práce ve skafandru v lodi či stanici
  • práce ve výstupních dveřích stanic a lodí
  • výstupy a práce na povrchu Měsíce
  • výstup s přivázáním lanem
  • výstup bez upoutání na manévrovací jednotce MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit)

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byly použity překlady textů z článků Extravehicular activity na anglické Wikipedii a List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999 na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ CODR, Milan. Sto hvězdných kapitánů. Praha: Práce, 1982. Kapitola Neil Alden Armstrong, s. 261. 
  2. ↑ ŠAMÁREK, Ondřej. Doktor Skála – Jack Schmitt (4/4) [online]. 5. května 2015 [cit. 2016-02-27]. Dostupné online. 
  3. ↑ VÍTEK, Antonín; LÁLA, Petr. Malá encyklopedie kosmonautiky. Praha: Mladá fronta, 1982. Kapitola Pilotované kosmické lety, s. 287. 

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