Vlajka Spojených států amerických
Vlajka USAPoměr stran: 10:19
Vlajka Spojených států amerických je jeden ze státních symbolů Spojených států amerických.
Popis
Vlajka má třináct vodorovných pruhů (sedm červených a šest bílých) a modrý kanton (o šířce sedmi pruhů), ve kterém je umístěno padesát bílých pěticípých hvězd v devíti řadách (střídavě po pěti a šesti hvězdách). Pruhy představují třináct původních, zakládajících států Unie, hvězdy současný počet států Unie. Poslední varianta vlajky USA byla přijata dne 4. července 1960 (po přijetí státu Havaj), jedná se již o 28. verzi vlajky Spojených států amerických (na první vlajce byl v jejím kantonu ještě britský Union Jack, později již různý počet hvězd). Vlajka je používána v poměru stran 10:19.[1]
Historie
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První americká vlajka (Grand Union Flag)První americká vlajka s třinácti pruhy (Grand Union Flag) z roku 1775 se stala národní vlajkou USA již roku 1776, tehdy to ale byla vlajka patřící Britské Východoindické společnosti (Britská Východoindická společnost). V jejím kantonu byl ještě britský Union Jack, který vyjadřoval skutečnost, že povstalci chtěli zůstat loajální k britskému králi. Dne 14. června 1777 rozhodl Kongres USA, že v kantonu budou hvězdy, které společně s pruhy budou symbolizovat počet členů federace. Ovšem po vstupu Vermontu a Kentucky do federace se zvýšil dne 1. května 1795 počet pruhů na patnáct. Hrozilo tak, že vlajka s velkým počtem pruhů bude zvláště na moři špatně rozlišitelná, a navíc byla výroba nových vlajek značně nákladná. Proto Kongres USA přijal roku 1818 zásadu, že počet pruhů se vrátí na třináct, zvyšovat se bude pouze počet hvězd v kantonu a to vždy na státní svátek 4. července (i když se vstup dalších států uskutečnil k jinému datu).
Podle legendy vyložil jednotlivé prvky vlajky sám George Washington tak, že hvězdy jsou sebrané z oblohy, červená barva z Anglie a bílé pruhy představují odloučení od mateřské země. První vlajku údajně ušila švadlena Betsy Rossová.
Současnou vlajku s padesáti hvězdami navrhl tehdy šestnáctiletý student Robert G. Heft z Ohia. Ten ji navrhl v rámci školní práce z dějepisu a vlajku poté dopravil do Washingtonu. Tehdejší americký prezident Dwight D. Eisenhower tuto vlajku vybral z tisíců stejných návrhů, Heft byl totiž jediný, který ji do Washingtonu dopravil osobně.[2]
Vlajka USA se vztyčuje ve všech amerických závislých územích spolu s vlajkou OSN a vlajkou toho daného závislého území.
Slib věrnosti
Slib věrnosti vlajce Spojených států amerických (anglicky: The Pledge of Allegiance to the flag of the United States of America) je přísahou loajality Američanů ke své zemi. Původní text napsal Francis Bellamy již v roce 1832.
Vývoj vlajek USA
Rozměry vlajky
- Výška vlajky: A = 1 (základ rozměrů)
- Délka vlajky: B = 1,9
- Výška kantonu: C = 7/13 ≈ 0,538 (sedm ze třinácti pruhů)
- Délka kantonu: D = 0,76 (40 % délky vlajky)
- E = F = C/10 ≈ 0,0538 (desetina výšky kantonu)
- G = H = D/12 ≈ 0,0633 (dvanáctina délky kantonu)
- Průměr hvězdy: K ≈ 0,0616 (80,104 % výšky pruhu)
- Výška pruhu: L = 1/13 ≈ 0,0769
Poměr stran 10:19 je určen pro státní (federální) vlajky (často označovány jako „G-spec“, tj. pro vládní účely). Veřejnosti jsou k dispozici i (alternativní nebo přijatelné) varianty vlajky s poměrem stran 2:3, 3:5 nebo 5:8.
Prezidentská vlajka
- Vlajka prezidenta USA
Poměr stran: 2:3
Podobné vlajky
Vlajka Spojených států amerických s hvězdami a pruhy byla také vzorem pro vlajky Chile, Kuby, Libérie, Malajsie, Portorika, Toga, Uruguaye, pro vlajky závislých území nebo pro historické vlajky.
Malajská vlajka
Tožská vlajka
Vlajka atolu Bikini
Texaská vlajka
Vlajka Spojených států brazilských (15.–19. listopadu 1889)
Dočasná floridská vlajka (1861)
Salvadorská vlajka (1865)
Galerie
Vertikální zavěšení vlajky USA
Způsob skládání vlajky USA
Vlajka USA na skafandru astronauta Neila Armstronga
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin na Měsíci
Odkazy
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Flag of the United States na anglické Wikipedii.
Literatura
- BROŽEK, Aleš. Lexikon vlajek a znaků zemí světa. Praha: Kartografie, 2004. 223 s. ISBN 80-7011-776-1.
- MUCHA, Ludvík. Vlajky a Znaky zemí světa. Praha: GKP, 1987 (3. vydání). 215 s.
Související články
- Státní znak Spojených států amerických
- Hymna Spojených států amerických
- Dějiny Spojených států amerických
- Vlajky Konfederovaných států amerických
- Slib věrnosti vlajce Spojených států amerických
- Seznam vlajek států Spojených států amerických
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Vlajka Spojených států amerických na Wikimedia Commons - The flag of United States of America
- Flag Rules and Regulations
Média použitá na této stránce
Autor: DoktorMandrake, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
IFIS for "historical version" (not part of original set of symbols)
Při zobrazení tohoto souboru lze snadno přidat orámování
Flag of Abkhazia
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Autor: Doktor Mandrake, Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
IFIS for "vertical hoist transformationally identical to horizontal hoist"
Portrét amerického astronauta Neila Armstronga, ve skafandru a helmou na stole vedle. V pozadí je velká fotografie Měsíce.
Vexillological Symbol according to FIAV / W. Smith: National flag and ensign
military sea use
military land use
public sea use
public land use
private sea use
private land use
Autor: Tijmen Stam (User:IIVQ), Licence: CC BY 2.5
Vexillological symbol according to FIAV / W. Smith
This symbol in particular means that the flag is the current and official flag of the group or nation.
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Digital reproduction of the Star Spangled Banner Flag, the 15-star and 15-stripe U.S. garrison flag which flew over Fort McHenry following the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Seeing the flag during the battle, and again the following morning, inspired Francis Scott Key's song The Star-Spangled Banner, now the U.S. national anthem. During the battle a smaller "storm flag" was flown; it was replaced by this larger flag early the next morning, which is the flag Key saw then. This larger flag is now displayed at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. For several decades it remained in the family of Fort McHenry's commanding officer, before being given to the Smithsonian in 1912. The family cut pieces out of the flag from time to time as gifts.
The original flag was 42 feet long and 30 feet high, with each stripe being about two feet, and the stars being about two feet in diameter. It was made by Mary Young Pickersgill and her assistants. More info on the original dimensions here. The stars seem to mostly point to the side, except for one (the bottom right) which points down. One star has been cut out of the actual flag, so I'm guessing that originally pointed to the side as well (Fort McHenry flies a flag (File:Ft mchenry 15starflag.jpg) with a similar star pattern, but it looks like they are all to the side, and the other dimensions look similar to a modern flag). I guesstimated other dimensions and star positions based on File:Star-Spangled-Banner-1908-1919.jpg; the union (blue area) looks to be about 19 feet wide. The star rows look to be evenly distributed; i.e. the distance between the top/bottom edges and the center of a star row looks to be about the same as the distance between two (centers of) rows. Not so left-to-right; they are pretty close to the right edge and even closer to the hoist side. Also available here, page 12.
Digital reproduction of the Star Spangled Banner Flag, the 15-star and 15-stripe U.S. garrison flag which flew over Fort McHenry following the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Seeing the flag during the battle, and again the following morning, inspired Francis Scott Key's song The Star-Spangled Banner, now the U.S. national anthem. During the battle a smaller "storm flag" was flown; it was replaced by this larger flag early the next morning, which is the flag Key saw then. This larger flag is now displayed at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. For several decades it remained in the family of Fort McHenry's commanding officer, before being given to the Smithsonian in 1912. The family cut pieces out of the flag from time to time as gifts.
The original flag was 42 feet long and 30 feet high, with each stripe being about two feet, and the stars being about two feet in diameter. It was made by Mary Young Pickersgill and her assistants. More info on the original dimensions here. The stars seem to mostly point to the side, except for one (the bottom right) which points down. One star has been cut out of the actual flag, so I'm guessing that originally pointed to the side as well (Fort McHenry flies a flag (File:Ft mchenry 15starflag.jpg) with a similar star pattern, but it looks like they are all to the side, and the other dimensions look similar to a modern flag). I guesstimated other dimensions and star positions based on File:Star-Spangled-Banner-1908-1919.jpg; the union (blue area) looks to be about 19 feet wide. The star rows look to be evenly distributed; i.e. the distance between the top/bottom edges and the center of a star row looks to be about the same as the distance between two (centers of) rows. Not so left-to-right; they are pretty close to the right edge and even closer to the hoist side. Also available here, page 12..svg)
US Flag with 29 stars. In use 4 July 1847–3 July 1848. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 45 stars. In use 4 July 1896–3 July 1908. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain. This flag was used during the Spanish-American War.
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US Flag with 46 stars. In use 4 July 1908–3 July 1912. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Other version: Image:US 46 Star Flag.svg
US Flag with 46 stars. In use 4 July 1908–3 July 1912. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Other version: Image:US 46 Star Flag.svg.svg)
US Flag with 48 stars. In use for 47 years from July 4, 1912, to July 3, 1959.
US Flag with 49 stars. In use 4 July 1959–3 July 1960. It was defined in Executive Order 10798.
Cowpens Flag. This flag was used during the Battle of Cowpens during the American Revolutionary War.
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US Flag with 38 stars. In use 4 July 1877–3 July 1890. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 36 stars. In use 4 July 1865–3 July 1867. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 25 stars. In use 4 July 1836–3 July 1837. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 21 stars. In use 4 July 1819–3 July 1820. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 30 stars. In use 4 July 1848–3 July 1851. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 32 stars. In use 4 July 1858–3 July 1859. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 24 stars. In use 4 July 1822–3 July 1836. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 43 stars. In use 4 July 1890–3 July 1891. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Version 3.0 of the Grand Union flag (aka Continental Colors). This version rewritten from scratch using a text-editor; with colors from File:Flag of the United States.svg. Previous text: image was created using an image of the pre-1801 Union flag and the SVG of the Betsy Ross flag. The colors are based on information from here. I hope St. George's cross looks straight now.
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How to fold the flag of the United States of America
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US Flag with 44 stars. In use 4 July 1891–3 July 1896. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
A similar diagram of the flag of the United States was given in Executive Order 10834, by Dwight D. Eisenhower, on August 21, 1959. It appears in the United States Code, title 4, chapter 1 [1]. The code specifies the lengths as
See "Flag of the United States" article for details.
The exact values are given in parenthesis, see graphics above, for the modern US flag with 50 stars. Older flags do not get adjusted for any reason.
- A = 1.000 = (1/1)
- B = 1.910 = (B/A = 1.910 fixed)
- C = 0.53846 = (7/13)
- D = 0.7615 = (C*sqrt(2) = 7*sqrt(2)/13)
- E = F = 0.053846 = (C/10 = 7/130)
- G = H = 0.06346 = (D/12 = 7*sqrt(2)/(12*13))
- K = 0.061803 = (inv(5x(sqrt(5)+1))
- L = 0.07692 = (1/13)
How is this obtained or calculated? See below:
Let, A = 1
A = 13L
L = 1/13 = 0.076923...
C = 7L = 7/13 = 0.5384615...
D = 0.76 (From "Flag of the United States" wiki article: B x 2/5 which is correct only for this AR of the flag, in fact, D/C looks to be about sqrt (2) and if so, then D = 7xsqrt(2)/13 = 0.7614996... )
Given: E = F, then E = F = C/10 = 7/130 = 0.05384615...
Given: G = H, then G = H = D/12 = 7xsqrt(2)/156 = 0.0634583...
K = 0.0616 (From "Flag of the United States" wiki article: L x 4/5 = 4/65) = 0.06153846... which contradicts what was given. The correct value for K is inv(5x(sqrt(5)+1)) = 0.061803398874... if we work this number backward we will get K = L x 4.017220926874.../5) and somebody rounded it off or over simplified it, there is where the confusion came from.
The aspect ratio, B/A, is independent of all other parameters and is stated as 1.9, but its rounded off from 1.91 (see the main "Flag of the United States" text for the 0.01 rounding error.)
B = 1.910
Just in case you wanted to make your own flag and all these numbers look too complicated, Here is something simple:
US Letter paper size is 8.5x11. Fold 1/2 inch to get 10.5 inches. Thats your "B" and you can get one flag out of a paper:
A = 5.5 inch (this is your height of the flag)
B = 10.5 inch
L = 27/64 inch (height of each stripe)
C = 2 15/16 inches or 7 stripes
D = 4 3/16 inch
E = F = 19/64 inch
G = H = 11/32 inch
K = 11/32 inch
Alternatively, fold 1/2 inch on the other side so you get 8 inches on one side. Thats your "B," and you can get two flags out of a paper:
A = 4 3/16 inch (this is your height of the flag)
B = 8.0 inch
L = 5/16 inch (height of each stripe)
C = 2 1/4 inches or 7 stripes
D = 3 3/16 inch
E = F = 7/32 inch
G = H = 1/4 inch
K = 1/4 inch
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U.S. flag with 35 stars. In use from 4 July 1863 to 3 July 1865. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Proper vertical display of the United States flag.
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US Flag with 20 stars and 13 stripes (down from 15 in the previous revision.) In use 4 July 1818–3 July 1819. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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Flag of Togo. Aspect ratio modified for projects that require an aspect ratio of 3:2.
Flag of Abkhazia
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The First Republican Brazilian Flag, November 15–19, 1889.
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U.S. flag with 34 stars. In use from 4 July 1861 to 3 July 1863. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 26 stars. In use 4 July 1837–3 July 1845. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 33 stars. In use 4 July 1859–3 July 1861. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
20-star United States flag of 1818, with stars in Great Star arrangement. In 1818, the arrangement of stars was formally specified only in the case of flags to be bought for the U.S. Navy. Otherwise, variations freely occurred...
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US Flag with 28 stars. In use 4 July 1846–3 July 1847. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Buzz Aldrin salutes the U.S flag on the Moon (mission time: 110:10:33). His fingertips are visible on the far side of his faceplate. Note the well-defined footprints in the foreground. Buzz is facing up-Sun. There is a reflection of the Sun in his visor. At the bottom of Buzz's faceplate, note the white 'rim' which is slightly separated from his neckring. This 'rim' is the bottom of his gold visor, which he has pulled down. We can see the LEC straps hanging down inside of the ladder strut. In the foreground, we can see the foot-grabbing loops in the TV cable. The double crater under Neil's LM window is just beyond the LM shadow.
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US Flag with 23 stars. In use 4 July 1820–4 July 1822. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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US Flag with 27 stars. In use 4 July 1845–3 July 1846. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
(c) Zscout370 na projektu Wikipedie v jazyce angličtina, CC BY-SA 3.0
U.S. Presidential flag, 1960-present. It is defined in Executive Order 10860.
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US Flag with 37 stars. In use 4 July 1867–3 July 1877. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
Autor: Frydolin (Prosím v případě využití fotografie mimo projekty WMF o uvedení titulku "Vít Luštinec, Wikipedia" / Please credit as "Vít Luštinec, Wikipedia" in case you use this outside WMF projects.), Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0
Vlajka U.S.A.
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US Flag with 31 stars. In use 4 July 1851–3 July 1858. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
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This photograph is of the USMC War Memorial, known more commonly as the Iwo Jima Monument, near Washington, DC.
US Flag with 29 stars. In use 4 July 1847–3 July 1848. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain.
US Flag with 45 stars. In use 4 July 1896–3 July 1908. Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator, and released into the public domain. This flag was used during the Spanish-American War.
Provisional flag of Florida Jan 13 1861