William de Wiveleslie Abney
| William de Wiveleslie Abney | |
|---|---|
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| Narození | 24. července 1843 Derby |
| Úmrtí | 3. prosince 1920 (ve věku 77 let) Folkestone |
| Alma mater | Royal Military Academy Rossall School |
| Obor | astronomie |
| Ocenění | člen Královské společnosti (1876) Bakerian Lecture (1886 a 1880) Rumfordova medaile (1882) společník Edinburské královské společnosti (1885) rytíř komandér Řádu lázně (1900) |
| Manžel(ka) | Agnes Matilda Smith (od 1864) Mary Louisa Mead (od 1889) |
| Děti | Lancelot Edward Guy Abney Ethel Wootton Abney Helen Lillian Abney Janet Marie de Wiveleslie Abney |
| Rodiče | Edward Henry Abney a Catherine Strutt |
| Příbuzní | Agnes Mary de Willoughby Abney[1] a Isabel Joan de Willoughby Abney[1] (vnoučata) |
Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. | |
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Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (24. července 1843 – 3. prosince 1920) byl anglický astronom, chemik a fotograf.
Život a kariéra
Abney se narodil v Derby v Anglii jako syn Edwarda Abneyho (1811–1892), vikáře ze St Alkmundu v Derby a majitele domu First Estate School Derby. Navštěvoval školy Rossall School, Královskou vojenskou akademii, Woolwich a roku 1861 nastoupil k Royal Engineers Britské armády, s nimiž několik let sloužil v Indii. Protože chtěl získat poznatky v oblasti fotografování, stal se asistentem chemie na Chathamské škole vojenské techniky.
Abney byl průkopníkem několika technických aspektů fotografie. Jeho otec byl jedním z prvních fotografických průkopníků a přítel Richarda Keena, bývalého fotografa z Derby. Keene se stal blízkým přítelem Williama a jeho bratra Karla Edwarda Abneyho (1850-1914). Oba Abneyho synové se později stali zakládajícími členy společnosti Derby Photographic Society v červnu 1884.[2] Z jeho snah v chemii fotografie vznikly užitečné fotografické produkty a ovlivnil také vývoj v astronomii. Napsal mnoho knih o fotografii, které byly v té době považovány za standardní texty, i když měl pochybnosti o tom, že jeho zlepšení by mělo velký dopad na toto téma.
Abney zkoumal ztmavení negativu v důsledku působení vedlejšího světla. V roce 1874 vyvinul Abney suchou fotografickou emulzi, která nahradila "mokré" emulze. Použil tuto emulzi na egyptské expedici, kdy fotografoval tranzit Venuše přes Slunce. V roce 1880 představil hydrochinon. Abney také vyvinul nové a užitečné typy fotografického papíru, včetně formule pro želatinový chlorid stříbrný roku 1882. V roce 1876 byl zvolen členem Královské společnosti.
Abney prováděl raný výzkum v oboru spektroskopie a vyvinul emulzi citlivou na červenou barvu, která byla použita pro infračervené spektrum organických molekul. Byl také průkopníkem při fotografování infračerveného slunečního spektra (1887) a ve zkoumání slunečního světla v atmosféře.
V roce 1904 královská komise Světového veletrhu v Saint Louis jej ještě společně s Jamesem Craigem Annanem vybrala, aby reprezentovali Británii na International Jury for Photography, Photo-process and Photo-appliances.[3] [4]
Oženil se dvakrát: nejdříve s Agnes Matildou Smithovou (zemřela roku 1888) a podruhé s Mary Louisou Meadovou. [5] Zemřel v Folkestone v Anglii.
Publikace
- Chemistry for Engineers, 1870.
- W. de W. Abney, Instruction in Photography, Londýn, publikoval S. Low, Marston & company, 1900.
- A New Developer, Photographic News, 1880, 24:345.
- W. de W. Abney a E. R. Festing, Intensity of Radiation through Turbid Media, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 40, strany 378–380, 1886. Vydal The Royal Society.
- W. de W. Abney a E. R. Festing, Colour Photometry. Part III.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 50, strany 369–372, 1891–1892. Vydal The Royal Society.
Organizace a ocenění
- 1876 člen Královské společnosti
- 1878 získal první Progress Medal společnosti Photographic Society of Great Britain[6]
- 1885 člen Royal Society of Edinburgh
- 1892 - 1894, 1896 a 1903 - 1905 Prezident společnosti Photographic Society of Great Britain aka Royal Photographic Society
- 1893 - 1895 Prezident společnosti Royal Astronomical Society
- 1895 - 1897 Prezident společnosti Physical Society of London
- CB: společník Bathského řádu
- KCB: Rytíř komandér (civilní divize) Bathského řádu (KCB) - oznámený na honorační listině „New Year Honours 1900“ dne 1. ledna 1900,[7] zpřístupněn 16. ledna 1900,[8] a udělený Královnou Viktorií na hradu Windsor dne 1. března 1900.[9]
- Doctor of Science (D.Sc. Honoris causa) od University of Dublin - červen 1902.[10]
- 1909 - 1920 Vice-Prezident společnosti Girls' Public Day School Trust
Galerie
Memnonovy kolosy, 1874
Théby, 1874
Vstup do Malého chrámu, 1874
Velký chrám, Théby, 1874
Interiér Malého chrámu, 1874
Králův palác
Pylon, Théby
Ulrich Lauener
Odkazy
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku William de Wiveleslie Abney na anglické Wikipedii.
- ↑ a b Darryl Roger Lundy: The Peerage.
- ↑ Craven, Maxwell (1993). Keene's Derby. Breedon Books. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1-873626-60-6.
- ↑ The Art of Photogravure - Key figures - James Craig Annan Retrieved 5 November 2010
- ↑ University of Strathclyde archives - Who’s Who in Glasgow 1909, James Craig Annan Navštíveno 5. listopadu 2010
- ↑ Abney, William de Wiveleslie. Who's Who. 1920, s. 5. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
- ↑ Royal Photographic Society. Progress medal. Stránka se seznamem osob, které medaili od roku 1878 dostaly ([1] Archivováno 22. 8. 2012 na Wayback Machine.): "Medaile založená roku 1878 se uděluje v uznání jakéhokoli vynálezu, výzkumu, publikace nebo jiného přípěvku, který způsobil závažný pokrok ve vědeckém či technickém vývoji fotografie nebo zobrazování vůbec. Cena s sebou nese čestné členství v The Society. […] 1878 W de W Abney […]"
- ↑ "New Year Honours". The Times (36027). Londýn. 1. ledna 1900. str. 9.
- ↑ "No. 27154". The London Gazette. 16 January 1900. str. 285. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27154/page/285
- ↑ "Court Circular". The Times (36079). Londýn. 2. března 1900. str. 6.
- ↑ "University intelligence". The Times (36783). Londýn. 2. června 1902. str. 9.
Literatura
- "Abney, William de Wiveleslie." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- DIEKE, Sally. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Abney, William de Wiveleslie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. ISBN 0-684-10114-9. S. 21–22. (anglicky)
- Klaus Hentschel: Mapping the Spectrum. Techniques of Visual Representation in Research and Teaching, Oxford: OUP 2002.online preview; search for Abney
- ELLIOT, Paul. The Firs, 320 Burton Road, Derby: A nineteenth-century house and estate. Response: The University of Derby's Online Journal. C. 2012. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 7. dubna 2014. (anglicky) Archivováno 7. 4. 2014 na Wayback Machine. Článek o rodinném domě Abneyových s informacemi o rodině.
Externí odkazy
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu William de Wiveleslie Abney na Wikimedia Commons
Média použitá na této stránce
"This photograph shows the first pylon of the small temple of Medinet Haboo, with the two circular columns which guard it. The jamb on the right is broken down, and much of the inscription has been lost in consequence. (...) The entrance to the next area through this gateway is somewhat difficult, large masses of stone lying in disordered heaps across it. The masonry left standing is very perfect, the blocks of sandstone (probably procured from Gebel Silsilis) being so nicely fitted into the other that it would be difficult to force the blade of a knife in between the joints, although no mortar has been employed. The builders of this portion of the temple must have had a keen eye for artistic effect. The play of sunlight and shadow on the columns and towers, and through the gateway, is at all times beautiful, and give a picturesqueness to the exterior which in a gloomy climate would be wanting. The two external columns were originally part of a series of eight, but even now they serve to heighten the pictorial effect."
Le guide Ulrich Lauener (1821-1900)
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"In continuation of the line of the court (...) are a series of four pylons, apparently leading up to its entrance. That nearest the temple is now scarcely to be traced, whilst the view before us gives a sketch of the second. The two monolithic figures, sculptured in the usual sitting attitude, are the remains of what was once a row of Colossi; traces of others being still visible amongst the débris. The probable date of these pylons is from 1700 to 1450 B.C. They must have been situated in one of the grand avenues leading to the temple, as they mark at intervals some half-mile of ground."
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"Through the last pylon may be seen another gateway, leading into a small hypaethral court (which can be identified in the plan), the pyramidal towers of which bear the name of the Pharaoh who defeated the Assyrian Sennacherib. Passing through this court and two others beyond, none of which possess much beauty, being destitute of marked features and rather sombre in appearance, a vestibule leading to the Sanctuary is reached. The Sanctuary is surrounded on three sides by a corridor, one portion of which (that in the east) we have chosen as the subject of our photograph, the fourth side being closed by a series of six small dark chambers, whose atmosphere is none of the pleasantest, their roofs being festooned with hundreds of bats.
The original founder of the Sanctuary was Hatasoo, who lived about 1400 B.C., and Thothmes II. and III. completed it. The name of Rameses III. also appears in the sculptures, together with that of one of the Ptolemys, who made some additions to the building.
The lowness of the roof of the peristyle gives a feeling of oppression to the visitor when he first enters, but there is a certain quaintness in design which gradually removes it, and leaves a favourable impression after a study of some short duration. Very modern hieroglyphics, drawn in charcoal, and due to the present natives, adorn the pillars and columns.".jpg)
"Leaving the Colossi to the right, and turning to the south-west, a track leads to the ruins of the two temples of Medinet Haboo, both of which are replete with interest, from the inscriptions and historical sketches which they carry on their walls. The greater temple of Medinet Haboo was mentioned by Diodorus as being one of the four great Theban edifices, the other three being (according to Wilkinson) Karnak, Luxor, and the Rameseum or Memnonium. The plan shows the singular disposition of the smaller temple in relation to the greater. The small angle which their axial lines make with one another is remarkable, but there must have been some good reason, when planned, why they should have been thus laid out. These temples are apparently above the reach of the highest Nile, and have therefore suffered less injury to their foundations than has Karnak. The view before us shows the external area, or courtyard, which was enclosed by a wall of comparatively small dimensions. It is about 125 feet by 80, and the northern is closed by a wall supported by pillars, in rather a ruinous condition. Beyond this again rise the towers of the pylon or gateway, which bear the neames of Ptolemy Lathyrus, and Dionsius. Flanking the gateway are two columns also of the Roman period. To the left is the king's palace, bearing sculptures to which reference will be subsequently made. The small enclosed second area, immediately in front of the pylon, has side entrances, one of which can be distinguished near the centre of the photograph."
In 1874, William de Wiveleslie Abney went to Luxor, Egypt to photograph the transit of Venus.
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"The southern extremity of the great temple is shown in the front view of the small temple. It is the palace of King Rameses III."
in 1874, William de Wiveleslie Abney went to Thebes on an archaeological expedition. This is the sun setting over the water; a boat is visible on the left side of the photo.
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" (This photograph) represents the gateway and the western tower. On the base of the jams of the former (which is of red granite) is an inscription, which translated is as follows: -- "Rameses made this building for his father Amunre, and erected for him this fine gateway of good blocks of granite stone, the door itself of wood, embellished with plates of pure gold... for his good name (Rameses), Amunre rejoicing to behold it." =-- Wilkinson On the tower we see the colossal figure of the king Rameses, wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, and leading his prisoners captive. A careful examination of the wall will show that they are led by a rope, grasped in the right hand, the left arm being extended.
The oval, or cartouche, with the king's name, will be noticed just above the eccentric-looking crown. The dimensions of this court are about 110 by 135 feet. Thte towers of the pylons are connected by two colonnades, that on the western side being formed of columns bearing bell-shaped capitals. Two of these are to be seen on the left of the picture. The original height of the corridor can be judged from the fact that the floor of the gateway is bare, and not piled up with rubbish, as is the first pylon through which this court is entered.
This portion of the temple must have been very imposing in its pristine condition, if the history of its decorations, as described on its walls, are to be believed."