Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2

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https://czwiki.cz/b/d5463

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Wikimedia Commons

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The "Black Flag of Fascism" (Italian: "Il drappo nero del fascismo" or "Il drappo nero fascista") or "fascist flag" ("Bandiera fascista") was used by Italy's fascist state party Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF) from 28 October 1934 at the latest and was in use until the party congress of the newly founded Republican Fascist Party (PFR) in Verona on 14/15 November 1943. In public, the "Black Flag of Fascism" was flown together with the Italian tricolour. The flag was used in various modifications, the size, shape and colour tones of the lictorian bundles (fascio littorio) depicted on the black cloth varied greatly, and different versions of the flag were also used in parallel. The version shown here was used from 1938 to 1943 at the latest. Unlike the swastika in the party flag of the German NSDAP, the style of the lictor bundle was never standardised in Italian fascism.

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Public domain

Výhrada:

insignia|nazi

Credit:

This Variant of the Black Flag of Fascism can be found on the within the following sources:

• Picture of the Luce Institute from 30 September 1938: Riproduzione fotografica di Mussolini, colto di profilo su un palco allestito all'aperto, saluta levando il braccio destro
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 3 May 1938: Adolf Hitler passa in rivista i bersaglieri schierati lungo la banchina della stazione di Bologna; al suo seguito Starace ed un Generale dell'esercito
• Picture of the Luce Institute form 3 May 1938: Reparti fascisti schierati lungo la banchina fanno il saluto romano; inquadratura dal finestrino del treno
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 3 May 1938: Inquadratura dal treno della folla assiepata lungo la banchina della stazione centrale di Bologna
• Documentary of the Luce Institute from 1938: Il viaggio del Fuhrer in Italia. Dal Brennero a Roma., at minute 3:45–3:50, 4:09–4:10, 4:33–4:43, especially 5:07–5:09.
• First Colored Picture by Hugo Jaeger from May 1938: En route from Munich to Rome during Hitler's state visit.
• Second Colored Picture by Hugo Jaeger from May 1938: En route from Munich to Rome during Hitler's state visit.
• Picture of Storia di Firenze from 1938: L'arrivo di Hitler a Firenze.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 1939: Folla di militi schierata in un'area transennata nei pressi di una palazzina popolare.
• Documentary of the Luce Institute from 1943: Verona. Prima assemblea del Partito Fascista Repubblicano nella sede di Castelvecchio., minute 0:40–0:41.
• Modern Usage as shown at the Channel 4 News documentary from 2018: Fascism in Italy: The Hipster Fascists Trying to Bring Mussolini Back into the Mainstream, minute 3:35–3:36 and closer at 3:42–3:43.
• Modern Usage as shown in 2011 on this Picture from Casa Pound Palermo.

Contemporary photos also show the Black Flag of Fascism in many other variants, which were used before or at the same time as the variant shown here. Examples of this are the photos on

• the Picture of the Luce Institute from 1929: Mussolini sul palco delle autorità allo stadio.
• Flag shown at a Documentary of the Luce Institute from September 1934: Mussolini inaugura la via del Circo Massimo e passa in rassegna 12 mila atleti di tutta Italia. at minute 1:01.
• Flag shown at a Documentary of the Luce Institute from November 1934: Il Segretario di stato al ministero dell'educazione nazionale e il vice segretario del partito inaugurano la 'Casa dello studente'. at minute 0:14–0:17, 0:26–0:30 and 0:56–0:58.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 1934: Mussolini pronuncia un discorso dal palco allestito in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele a Novara.
• the Picture of the Luce Institute from 1935: XVI Annuale – Parla il duce al popolo da palazzo Venezia.
• Picture of the Süddeutsche Zeitung from 1936: Benito Mussolini (center) gave a speech to his supporters standing in Piazza Venezia in Rome in 1936.
• Picture of the Polish NAC Institute from 1937: Italian Eastern Africa.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from March 1937: Bengasi: il discorso di Mussolini dal Palazzo del Municipio.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from March 1937: Palazzo del Banco di Roma a Tripoli illuminato e imbandierato a festa nella notte dell'arrivo di Mussolini.
• Picture from alamy from 1938: geography/travel, Italy, politics, Italian & German flags, during the visit of Adolf Hitler in Rome, 3.5.1938 - 9.5.1938.
• the Picture of the Luce Institute from 1938: Mussolini saluta dall'alto dell'arengario in piazza Roma la folla raccolta dabbasso.
• Video of the Luce Institute from 1938 : Il giuramento di battaglioni delle camicie nere. passim.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 1938: Inquadratura di bandiere fasciste che sventolano sui pennoni all'interno dell'Aeroporto di Centocelle.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 1938: Inquadratura di bandiere con il fascio e di bandiere con la svastica che sventolano sui pennoni; sullo sfondo due colonne sormontate da due aquile dorate.
• Picture of the Luce Institute from 1938: Inquadratura di bandiere italiane, fasciste e naziste che sventolano sui pennoni all'interno dell'Aeroporto di Centocelle.
• Picture from 1938: Geografia/viaggio, Italia, politica, bandiere italiane e tedesche, durante la visita di Adolf Hitler a Roma, 3.5.1938 - 9.5.1938.
• the Colored Picture of Hugo Jaeger from 1938: View of a crowd cheering in Florence during Hitler's state visit to Italy.
• the Colored Picture of Hugo Jaeger from 1938: Naples during Hitler's state visit.
• another Colored Picture of Hugo Jaeger from 1938: Naples during Hitler's state visit.
• the Colored Picture of Hugo Jaeger from 1938: St. Marinella during Hitler's state visit.
• the Picture of the Luce Institute from 1938: Inquadratura di bandiere italiane, fasciste e naziste che sventolano sui pennoni.
• the video of the Luce Institute from 1938: Il discorso di Trieste at minute 2:32–2:35.
• the Colored Amateur Video of Hitlers Visit in Italy 1938 Hitler in Italy Color Amateur Film shown on Youtube, minute 0:11–0:13.
• this Picture of Hermann Göring and Italo Balbo in Libya from 1939: Hermann Goering on a visit to Libya after his arrival in Tripoli, with Marshal Italo Balbo, Gouvernor of Libya, taking the salute.
• another Picture of Hermann Göring and Italo Balbo in Libya from 1939: Hermann Goering and Marshal Balbo inspect a parade.
• Video from the Luce Institute from 1940: Le adunate di camicie di Camicie nere (sic!) e di Popolo a Pisa e a Trieste - La cerimonia della at minute 0:11–0:12, 0:27–0:30, 0:42–0:49 and 0:58–1:05.
• Video of Mussolinis declaration of war from 1940: Mussolini's declaration of war, 10 June 1940 - translated in english at minute 4:39–4:41 in detail, but a wide usage by the crowd can be also seen throughout the video.
• the Picture of the Luce Institute from 1942: Celebrazioni a Roma in occasione del XIX annuale della Milizia, alla presenza di Mussolini.
• Luce Journal from 1942: Giornale Luce C0294 del 03/11/1942, minute 2:09–2:10.
• Variants of the Flag are also shown at the historical movie Omar Mukhtar – Lion of the Desert (here the German Version) on Youtube at 15:00–20:30, 43:50–45:20, 1:08:30–1:08:50.

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